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The Boxer’s Rebellion

The Boxer’s Rebellion. Questions to be addressed: China before the Boxers Origins Nature/purposes Composition Expansion Violence as a result of the Boxers Settlement Reassessment . Qing China Confronted the West. Western powers proved to be a formidable threat to Qing government

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The Boxer’s Rebellion

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  1. The Boxer’s Rebellion • Questions to be addressed: • China before the Boxers • Origins • Nature/purposes • Composition • Expansion • Violence as a result of the Boxers • Settlement • Reassessment

  2. Qing China Confronted the West • Western powers proved to be a formidable threat to Qing government • China began to suffer from another wave of foreign invasion, this time from Europe Allies soldiers slaughtered boxers

  3. The Opium War (1839-1842) • Cause, burning of opium, Lin Zexu • Qing’s defeat by British humiliated Qing government and the Chinese • “Treaty of Nanjing” stipulated China’s war compensation in twelve articles • one says, “The island of Hong Kong to be possessed in perpetuity” by Victoria and her successors, and ruled as they “shall see fit” • British merchants and soldiers entered Canton as a result of its opening as a treaty port were with anti-British attacks by rural militias and urban mobs • Violent attackers were met by British reprisals and reciprocal atrocities

  4. More Western Presence • Many Chinese began to realize that British army and navy are superior to China’s • More foreign presence/aggression in China coincided with waves of domestic turbulence, such as the Taiping and Nian

  5. The advance of foreign intrusion • “Second Opium War,” or “Arrow War” (1856-1860) • British moved jointly with the Americans and French to press for treaty revision • Qing search of British ship, “Arrow,” a smuggler’s ship furnished British pretext for a new series of military action

  6. Results of the Violent War • Violent war took place in 1859 before the forts of Dagu, where Qing army was defeated • Twenty thousand British and French troops entered into Bejing, sacked and burnt the Summer Palace, the famous Yuan-ming-yuan, to the ground Yuanming yuan ruins

  7. China Encircled • In the end of 1850’s, Qing China was encircled by foreign powers • Russia in the northwest—invaded Xinjiang • Japan in the east—occupied the Ryukyu Islands • France in the southeast Asia and southeast China—took Vietnam, laid seige to Ningpo, occupied the Penghu Islands (Pescadores) British soldiers slaughtered boxers

  8. War with Japan • Japan’s sweeping economic and institutional reforms of the Meiji Restoration, which began in 1868, made Japan a strong power Captivated Boxers

  9. Japan’s military expansion • Resulted in: • the annexation of Ryukyus (1879) • seizing Korean palace during its domestic rebellion (1894) • seizing Chinese harbor at Lüshun • Defeating Chinese Northern Fleet (2 battleships, 10 cruisers, 2 torpedo boats (1895) • Treaty of Shimonoseki ceded Taiwan to Japan “in perpetuity” Allies soldiers whoring

  10. Late Qing’s Modernization Effort • Both the Taipings and foreign powers pushed the Qing to strengthen itself through modernization: • The Taipings: • Competent governors learned experience from their wars with the Taipings • Foreign powers: • Superiority of western weaponry • The humiliating defeat by Japan in Sino-Japanese war in 1895

  11. French and British invasion in 1860 forced the Qing to adopt a conciliatory policy toward foreign powers • Leader of more open-minded reformers: Yi Xin and Wen Xiang • The Conservatives in the Qing court blocked the reform • The Empress Dowager Cixi, Yi Huan, Wo Ren Cixi ordered the Boxers to fight allies’ armies

  12. Before the Boxers: China Crucified • During 1898 and 1899, foreign powers intensified their pressures and outrages on China • The Germans occupied Qingdao • The British took over Weihaiwei • Also forced the Qing to lease a large area of fertile farmland on the Kowloon peninsula north of Hong Kong for 99 years, which the British called “The New Territories” • The Russians occupied Lüshun

  13. The French claimed special rights in China’s southwesten provinces and on the island of Hainan • The Japanese, already masters of Taiwan, intensified their economic penetration of central China • The US wanted China to declare an “open door” policy, under the terms of which all countries agree not to deny others’ access to their spheres of influences • The Chinese began to fear that their country was about to be “carved up like a melon” (guafen)

  14. Boxers in Tianjin

  15. Early phase of the Boxers—Restore the Han and Destroy the Manchus

  16. The Boxer Uprising (1898-1901) • “The Boxers United in Righteousness” (Yihequan) appeared as an expression of nationalism • Emerged in northwest Shandong in 1898 Yellow Dragon Triangular Banner

  17. A collective force of a variety of secret-society and self-defense units that had spread in southern Shandong previously in response to the provocations of Western missionaries and their Chinese converts

  18. Desperate local farmers and workers plagued by flood and drought joined the force to call for the ending of special privileges enjoyed by Christian converts and Christian missionaries • By 1898, they had destroyed/stolen a good deal of property from Chinese Christians and had killed several converts in the Shandong-Hebei border area

  19. Foreigners, alarmed by the Boxers killing, demanded that the Qing suppress the Boxers and their supporters Boxers’ Banner

  20. The Boxers responded with a slogan, “Revive the Qing, destroy the foreign” • Many boxers believed they were invulnerable to swords and bullets in combat • “when at last the Foreign Devils/Are expelled to the very last man/The Great Qing, united, together/Will bring peace to this our land”–one catchy jingle

  21. Foreigners killed Chinese during the Boxer Rebellion Empress Dowager Cixi

  22. The Expansion of the Boxers • The Boxers expanded dramatically • 70 percent were poor peasants, male and young • The rest were mixture of itinerants and artisans • Peddlers, rickshaw men, sedan-chair carriers, canal boatmen, leather workers, knife sharpeners, barbers, dismissed soldiers, salt smugglers • Joined by female Boxer groups, such as the Red Lanterns Shining (Hongdeng zhao) • They harassed or killed foreigners and Chinese converts, and sometimes even those possessed foreign objects

  23. The Qing court wavered between punishing the Boxers who killed foreigners and condoning their show of anti-foreign “loyalty”

  24. Qing Declaration of War • Western forces seized the forts at Dagu to provide cover for a troop landing, should full-scale war broke out • News of battle at the Dagu ports arrived Beijing, which agitated Qing court and Beijing citizens • German minister was shot dead in the street as he went to an interview with the Zhongli Yamen, which was in charge of foreign affairs • The Boxers force laid siege to the foreign-legation areas • Praising the Boxers as a loyal militia, the empress dowager Cixi issued a “declaration of war” against the foreign powers

  25. Boxers’ Propaganda

  26. Full-Scale War • With the government behind them, the Boxers launched a series attacks on mission compounds and on foreigners • In August 1900, the colonial troops of the Allied nations, about 20,000, fought they way through Beijing • Soldiers of eight nations sacked the city and burnt imperial palace, the Forbidden City, and used it as the headquarters for the foreign expeditionary force • Boxer resistance quickly crumbled, hundreds of thousand were killed • More than two hundred foreigners were killed • Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled to the West, establishing a temporary capital in the city of Xi’an

  27. Allies Army entered the Gate of the Qing

  28. The US Army, March 1912, after the Boxer Rebellion

  29. Allies Artillery

  30. Foreign soldiers slaughtered boxers in Beijing, summer 1900

  31. Allies taking picture in front of Dehong Lou, Nanhai ; (standing in the center) German Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee

  32. The Northern Gate of the Forbidden City, Allies’ Victory Parade

  33. Allies holding “occupation ceremony” in front of Golden Water Bridge at Tiananmen, after occupied Beijing in August 15, 1900

  34. “The Invaders” in front of German Embassy

  35. Ruined churches, Beijing

  36. Defensive work in front of and insider the British embassy

  37. Arrested Boxers suspects

  38. Outer City of Beijing, destroyed by British army

  39. Foreign Missionaries in Beijing

  40. Missionaries before the Boxers, often regarded as precursors of European imperialism

  41. Imprisoned Chinese churchmen and missionaries

  42. Empress Dowager, Cixi, returned to Beijing

  43. German soldiers in Yihe Yuan

  44. German army forced Chinese to slave

  45. Chinese slaved by German soldiers Japanese artillery in front of the Desheng Gate

  46. Revolution • Qing’s being “carved up like a melon” was a national disgrace, which Han Chinese could not tolerate • Revolutionaries wanted to overthrow the Manchu state “to avenge the national disgrace”, and “to restore the Chinese”

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