Presentation Transcript

1. U.S. History 101

   American Revolution & A New Nation
2. French and Indian War (1754-1763) Albany Plan of Union Cause = rivalry between Britain & France for control of North America Britain & Native allies versus France & Native allies 1757 – William Pitt becomes Prime Minister of England Key Battles Fort Necessity (1755) – French defeat British forces led by George Washington Battle of Quebec (1759) – British lay siege and conquer capital of New France Treaty of Paris (1763) ends the war Proposal by Ben Franklin in 1754 to form a legislature uniting all the colonies. The Road to Independence (1753-1783)
3. North America in 1763
4. Effects of the War on Britain 1. Increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. Greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!
5. Effects of the War on the American Colonials Unites them against common enemy. Created a socializing experience. Created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Americans treated like 2nd class citizens Unimpressed with Britain’s military tactics were weak. {fought cowardly}
6. BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763 In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion Closed region west of Appalachians to all settlement by colonists. Colonists moved west anyway.
7. Issues Behind the Revolution
8. Boston Massacre March 5th 1770
9. Ben Franklin, Pennsylvania Gazette – May 9, 1754
10. “Gentlemen may cry peace, peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! . . . Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!—I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!” --Patrick Henry March 23, 1775
11. April 19, 1775 – British troops in Boston, Mass. march to Concord planning to seize the armory Colonists find out and numerous riders scurry to inform the inhabitants including Sam Adams and John Hancock. Myths Paul Revere was one of many riders, such as William Dawes. His cry was “the regulars are coming out!” not “the British are coming!” 5 miles from Concord at (Battle of) Lexington, the British encountered 70 armed minutemen. “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” – no one knows who fired it. British continued on to Concord Most of the arms had been hidden As the British marched back to Boston thousands of colonists began using guerilla war tactics resulting in 240 casualties Revolutionary War Paul Revere
12. Second Continental Congress Common Sense May 1775 Strongly Divided at first King George III denied Oliver Branch Petition Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, published in Jan. 1776, arguing for separation from Britain and formation of a republic Issues Behind the Revolution
13. Declaration of Independence Jefferson was primary author Borrowed heavily from fellow philosophers, most notably John Locke Natural rights {life, liberty, pursuit of happiness} Rule of law {obey the laws} July 2nd , 1776 Congress formally declared the U.S. an Independent nation July 4th Approved by Congress List of grievances directed at King George III Unalienable Rights Consent of the Governed Right to alter or to abolish it
14. Loyalists or Tories – colonists loyal to Britain. 1/3 of colonists remained loyal to the King of Britain.
15. Financing the war Congress could ask the colonies for help, but couldn’t force them to give anything (ex. Valley Forge) No power of taxation Britain blockaded Atlantic coast not allowing colonists to trade Washington never had more than 26,000 soldiers available at one time Most Continental soldiers were under 23 y.o. African Americans were banned from the Army in the beginning, but later free African Americans and Indians were recruited to help the colonists Inflation – steady increase in prices over time reduced the ability to buy goods Hardships
16. Military Strategies The Americans The British Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So. Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. “Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.
17. Britain’s “Southern Strategy” Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving. The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] Good US General:Nathanial Greene
18. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.
19. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
20. Phase III:The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]
21. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau AdmiralDe Grasse
22. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: “The World Turned Upside Down!” Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
23. Established independence Inspired patriotism First instance of a colony defeating its Imperial master Spread idea of liberty Promoted antislavery in the North Numerous northern states abolished slavery thereafter Natives support of Britain provided a reason to continue killing them after the war ended Effects of the Revolution
24. Famous Revolutionary War Figures Benedict Arnold Hero of the Battles of Ticonderoga & Saratoga Schemed with John Andre to give West Point to the British, but his plan was foiled Name now is synonymous with betrayal John Paul Jones Father of the US Navy “I have not yet begun to fight!” Nathan Hale 21-year old that volunteered to go behind enemy lines Captured and hanged “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country” Thomas Sumter “Gamecock” General in the South
25. Famous Revolutionary War Figures Ethan Allen Hero of the Battle of Ticonderoga Leader of the “Green Mountain Boys” Francis Marion “Swamp Fox” Pioneer of guerilla warfare Marquis de Lafayette French general who aided the US Baron Frederick von Steuben Prussian general who through drilling turned the US into a formidable fighting force at Valley Forge
26. N. America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783
27. 1stgov. of U.S. Failed One branch: legislative (i.e. Congress) Weaknesses: : Constitution of the U.S. (1776-1800) Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)
28. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Ceded land won in the Revolution to the purpose of creating new territories After 60,000 settlers inhabited a territory, it could apply for statehood via constitution Established American territorial policy
29. 1780s Economic recession $50 million national debt States printed paper money leading to inflation Annapolis Convention Meeting to try and solve economic crisis Only 5 states showed up Agreed to meet again in Philadelphia in 1787 Constitutional Convention
30. Shays' Rebellion (1787)
31. Causes Merchants and wealthy people that loaned money began demanding their money back States passed high taxes to collect the money Some states, most notably Mass., said the tax must be paid in specie, i.e. gold or silver coin. Very rare. Failure to pay could led to jail or foreclosure Tax supported by the rich in the east. Farmers in the west likened it to British rule Led by Shays, protesters closed courthouses and raided the armory at Springfield Mass. gov had no army so they couldn’t stop them By Jan. 1787, they had an army and suppressed the rebellion Importance: displayed the weaknesses of the Articles Daniel Shays
32. The Constitutional Convention 55 delegates from 12 states (RI did not show) met in secret Originally designed to amend or revise the Articles of Confederation Quickly decided to construct a new gov from scratch Both VA and NJ plans would add executive & judicial branches, as well as give the gov the power to tax and regulate commerce “Father of the Constitution” James Madison
33. Commerce Compromise • established that Congress could levy tariffs on imports, but not exports • allowed theimportation of slaves until the end of 1807 CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES The Great Compromise The Three-Fifths Compromise
34. System in which power is shared among state and national authorities Power is divided among the three branches: executive, legislative, judicial No one is all powerful Reps term is shorter so that they are directly responsible to the people Senators are longer so they can check the whims of popular opinion Electoral College set up because they distrusted the people Did not predict parties would form. Thus, whenever there is not a majority, the House decides. Federal System Separation of Powers Why Did they Select It?
35. Federalists - Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay Favored the Constitution Wrote a series of essays called The Federalist that explained the system and won popular support Win due to superior organization and Washington’s support. Eventually agree to include a Bill of Rights to appease AFs Anti-Federalists - Patrick Henry, George Mason, George Clinton Opposed the Constitution Why? Absence of God Denial of States’ rights Increased power of central gov Lack of a Bill of Rights Ratification
36. Capital - New York City Inauguration - official swearing-in ceremony on April 30, 1789 Washington was careful in his action since he knew everything would establish a precedent Washington’s Precedents Referred to as “Mr. President” Neutrality Refused to shake hands. Bowed instead. Added “so help me God” to oath of office Oath takes place outdoors Two Terms Cabinet - leaders of the executive departments that also advise the president Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson In charge of foreign affairs Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton In charge of economic policy The New Government
37. Moved to Philadelphia in 1790 Jefferson, Madison and Hamilton have a dinner discussing assumption – Hamilton’s plan for the federal gov to assume all state debts. Jefferson & Madison agree to Hamilton’s plan, and in return get the new capital built in the South plus a $1.5 million reduction in tax obligations for VA Washington, D.C. becomes capital in 1800 Why assumption? Foreign nations that were owed money wouldn’t want the gov to collapse since they wouldn’t get their money back. Thus, they have a vested interest in the country surviving, not just a state(s) Hamilton’s plan called for a tariff - tax on imported goods & creation of the Bank of the United States Capitals & Hamilton’s Economic Policies Alexander Hamilton
38. 1789 - French Revolution. New gov soon declares war on England. Citizen Genêt (1793) - French ambassador begins recruiting Americans to fight against Britain. To be deported, but a change in the leadership of the French Revolution meant he would be guillotined if returned. Married and was given U.S. citizenship Neutrality - not take either side. Washington proclaims in 1793 Tensions rise between Britain & US Became US’ policy up to WWII Jay’s Treaty (1794) - Britain agrees to abandon forts in the Northwest Territory Failed to end British practice of impressment 1790s Foreign Policy John Jay
39. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) - People on the frontier, (esp. western Pennsylvania) refused to pay the Whiskey Tax Closed courthouses & attacked tax collectors Washington personally took command and led 13,000 troops to suppress the rebels Different from Shays’ Rebellion because this was a tax passed by Americans, not foreigners Importance: Showed the gov was committed to enforcing its laws. You need to elect new reps to change gov. Limits to public opposition. Rise of Political Parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans 1790s in America
40. Federalists vs. Jeffersonian Republicans
41. “as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form” - Jefferson Nasty campaign Jefferson wins after 36 ballots in the House Importance: Peaceful transition of power Led to passage of 12th Amendment
42. Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established judicial review
43. Louisiana Purchase; Lewis & Clark
44. Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below listing how each leader dealt with U.S. expansion into Native American lands. (pgs. 220-223)
45. 1812-1814; U.S. vs. Britain & natives Causes British support of Natives attacking U.S. Anger over impressment Embargo Act of 1807 – U.S. stops trading with all nations Economic recession in America; Depression in Britain Britain burns Washington, D.C. Hartford Convention (1814) – New England threatens to secede Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) ends war. Old boundaries restored. Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 1815) U.S. defeats British Makes Andrew Jackson a national hero War of 1812
46. Panic of 1819 – economic depression hits Missouri Compromise (1820) After the War