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San Carlos de Bariloche 11-22 January 2010 particulas.cnea.gov.ar/workshops/icfa Ivan Hamráček: brief summary. School content.

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  1. San Carlos de Bariloche11-22 January 2010particulas.cnea.gov.ar/workshops/icfaIvan Hamráček: brief summary

  2. School content The school is devoted to the physics and technologies of instrumentation in elementary particle physics.Lectures: physics of gaseous detectors particle identification, calorimetry, silicon detectors, signal processing, data acquisitionReview talks: new technologies and applications in medical physics and astrophysics, data acquisitionLaboratory courses: analog and digital signal processing, cosmic rays observation, basic electronics, Cerenkov, silicon and gaseous detectors, CCD readout etc.Poster session: an opportunity to show own research work Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 2/30

  3. International Advisors A. Cattai (chairperson) (CERN, Switzerland) M. Sheaff (secretary) (U. Wisconsin, USA) M. Atac (Fermilab, USA) A. Barbosa (CBPF, Brazil) P. Giubellino (INFN Torino, Italy) G. Herrera Corral (CINVESTAV, Mexico) P. Krizan (U. of Ljubljana and J. Stefan Institute, Slovenia) A. Para (Fermilab, USA) A. Savoy-Navarro (LPNHE-U Paris VI, France) J. Va'vra (SLAC, USA) A. H. Walenta (U. Siegen, Germany) R. Wigmans (Texas Tech University, USA) Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 3/30

  4. Program: Lectures • Beyond the standard model: challenges for new generation experiments • Particles Interactions with matter and Detector Design Principles • Silicon Detectors and industrial applications • Strategy for Tracking and alignment • Electromagnetic and Hadronic Calorimetry • Particle Identification • Electronics & Signal Processing • DAQ & trigger • From raw data to Physics results • Experimental Challenges and Techniques for Future Accelerators • Astroparticle Physics • Application of Physics to Medicine • Organic and inorganic scintillators Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 4/30

  5. Program: Review Talks • Physics applied to medicine: Hadrontherapy • The B Physics World • LHC Challenges and experiments • The Pierre Auger Observatory Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 5/30

  6. Hadrontherapy Roberto Cirio, University and INFN, Torino, Italy Treatment of tumours with the use of external radiotherapy, with beams of heavy charged particles (hadrons: protons, carbon ions, ...) • non reparable damages the DNA of cells • large mass – little lateral side scatter • Bragg peak • greater depths – higher energy (70 – 250 MeV) • protons of different energies: • Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) • very high density of ionisation • over 60.000 patients had been treated photons protons Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 6/30

  7. Hadrontherapy Centro di AdroTerapia e Applicazioni Nucleari Avanzate TheFirst Italian Protontherapy Center for the ocular melanoma treatment • LNS Superconducting Cyclotron used for protontherapy • complete GEANT4 simulation of the CATANA beam line • surgical phase: Tantalum clips insertions • clips characterize position and size of tumour volume • 2 orthogonal X-Rays tubes for visualization of the clips • patiens look at the fixation light during the treatment • patient positioning phase: drawing the eye’s contour on • a dedicated monitor – monitoring the eye’s position • treatment phase: 4 x dose 15.0 CGE per day (45-60s) GEANT4 simulation Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 7/30

  8. Hadrontherapy Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica Treatment of deeply seated tumours • particle species: p, C6+ • • range: 3–27 g.cm-2 • • energies: p: 60–250 MeV, C6+: 120-400 MeV/u • • particles per spill (duration ~ 1-10 s): • p: 1010(~2 nA) • C6+ : 4 x 108(~0.4 nA) • clinical requirements: • particles: p, C6+; depths: 1-27 cm • depth granularity: 1 mm • precision of dose measurement: ±2.5 % • beam dimension: 4-10 mm FWHM • precision on beam dimension: 0.2 mm • step of beam displacement: 1–3 mm • accuracy of beam position: 0.05 mm • field dimension: 2×2 - 20×20 cm2 Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 8/30

  9. Hadrontherapy Future • Cyclinacs: Novel Fast-Cycling Accelerators For Hadrontherapy • 400 Hz, 2.5 ms pulse, adjustment in 1 ms: Nm/50 ≤ N ≤ Nm (accelerating units) • the modularity of the linac mechanical structure allows to change the final • energy required by the different protontherapy centers adjusting the total number • of accelerating units • (70 MeV eye-tumors centers, 160 MeV centers for pediatric tumors, 230 MeV • centers that treat also deep sited tumors) • SCENT (Superconducting Cyclotron for Exotic Nuclei and Therapy) • 12C+ and protons for hadrontherapy (210, 250 AMeV) • Plasma wake field accelerator • short plasma sections several meters in length to double the energy of a linear • collider just before the collision point • the beams from each side of a linear collider are split into pairs of microbunches • with the first driving a plasma wake that accelerates the second • the luminosity of the doubled collider is maintained by employing plasma lenses to • reduce the spot size before collision Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 9/30

  10. Pierre Auger Observatory • charged particles (proton, heavy nucleus) • an extensive air shower (billions of energetic particles ~10 km2) • acceleration: most low energy – magnetic fields (sun, solar wind, • supernova remnants) 109 - 1016 eV (occasionally 1019eV) • no scientific consensus about origin • 1019 eV ~ 1 particle/km2/year • hybrid detector: interaction with water in tanks (1600 x 12000 l, 1.5km) • observing UV light in atmosphere • electromagnetic shockwaves produce Cherenkov light even in 5 tanks (PMT) • energy: amount of light • trajectory: detection time differences • charged particle interact with N, fluorescence UV production • observing trail of UV fluorescence, measuring the brightness (up to 4 W) • up to 15 km away, occasionally recorded with 2 fluorescence detectors • total energy of air shower ~ energy of primary particle, only in dark night • since 2004 near Malargue, Argentina, will be built in Colorado, USA Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 10/30

  11. Pierre Auger Observatory Surface Array Event Θ~ 48º, ~ 70 EeV A Tri-ocular Event!~20EeV 1600 detector stations, 1.5 km spacing, 3000 km2 4 telescope enclosures with 6 telescopes Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 11/30

  12. Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 12/30

  13. Pierre Auger Observatory Public Event Display http://auger.colostate.edu/ED/ Lateral Distribution Function (LDF) fit Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 13/30

  14. Pierre Auger Observatory Signal in VEM for the 3 PMTs of station 479 (MariTere) as a function of time Event is coming from the following direction:Galactic longitude: 293.1 ± 0.3 degGalactic latitude: 56.9 ± 0.1 deg Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 14/30

  15. Program: Laboratories • Silicon detectors • Ring Imaging Cerenkov Detectors • Micropattern and other gaseous detectors • CCD characterization and readout • Basic Electronics • Extreme processors for extreme experiments • Telescope for cosmic rays measurements • Measurement of the muon life-time • Detectors for medical applications • Control of large systems via PVSS and PLC • The GEANT4 Monte Carlo code and its use in Medical Physics • On-line programming with Labview • On-line experience with digital oscilloscopes Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 15/30

  16. Silicon detectors Pad Detector • simple pad detector, p+-in-n+ diode, bulk n-, 300 μm thick, implants 2 μm thick,active area 0.5cm2, LED light 624nm ~ penetration 10 μm • observe the change in the depletion depth versus bias voltagemeasured by the C-V relationship • measure the charge collection versus bias voltage for front and back side illumination Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 16/30

  17. Silicon detectors Pad Detector Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 17/30

  18. Silicon detectors Pad Detector • Why should the applied voltage be negative? • What is the role of the capacitor C3? • What is the depletion voltage of the device? • What is the effective doping concentration? doping intensity Neff: • What it the bulk resistivity of the device? (εSi = 11.9; ε0 = 8.854x10-14ρ/cm; q = 1.602x10-19 C; μN = 1500 cm2V-1s-1) Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 18/30

  19. Silicon detectors Pad Detector • Why do you see a signal at 0 V? • Explain the behaviour of the signal between 0 and +2 V • Explain the variation of signal size versus bias voltage. • Why does the device behave so differently in front and back-side illumination? • Why is the first observed signal delayed with back-side illumination? Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 19/30

  20. Silicon detectors Strip Detector • 1 cm long ATLAS prototype silicon strip detector with 100 strips • 2 readout amplifier chips with 128 channels each • readout system, full charge collection within 25 ns • Sr-90 beta electron source, scintillator coupled to PMT for the trigger (minimum ionising particles) β > Yttrium-90 (0.546 MeV) β > Zirconium-90 (2.28 MeV) Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 20/30

  21. Silicon detectors Strips Detector Lab Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 21/30

  22. Silicon detectors Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 22/30

  23. Silicon detectors Strip Detector • What happens if the PMT trigger threshold is too low? • What happens if the threshold is too high? • What is the pedestal? • Is the value constant? • What happens to the noise in the detector when you increase bias voltage from 0 to 20V? • Why the mean value of charge distribution is higher than the most probable value? Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 23/30

  24. Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) Silicon photo multiplier (SiPM) Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 30/30

  25. Ring Imaging Cerenkov Detectors • introduction to the Ring Imaging CHerenkov technique multianode photomultipliers (Hamamatsu, R5900-M16 and R5900-L16 PMT's) measurements requiring position sensitive detection of single photons measurement of the diffraction pattern by counting individual photons passing through a slit measurement of Cherenkov rings produced by cosmic muons in an aerogel radiator Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 24/30

  26. Micropattern and other gaseous detectors • the laboratory of particle detectors using gas amplification short theoretical introduction to Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber as a particle detector particular characteristics of the Thin-Gap Chambers used as the trigger detector of the ATLAS MUON spectrometer description of a real small size detector, where all its elements can be seen real detector, readout geometry, observing signals with an electron source Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 25/30

  27. CCD characterization and readout • basic hands on experience with CCDs- a small lecture that covers the basic solid state principle of the CCD, and all the equipment used in the CCD lab looking and measuring CCD signals using a digital oscilloscope or data acquisition device - understand and measure CCD basic noise sources, look at noise as a function of the integration time- learn how to do a photon transfer curve to determine the most important CCD parameters- look at CCD images, learn about energy calibration Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 26/30

  28. Basic Electronics • building of a variety of amplifier circuits with an operational amplifier starting with the properties of an ideal OpAmp studying the behavior of OpAmp beyond the range where they behave well Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 27/30

  29. The GEANT4 Monte Carlo code and its use in Medical Physics • brief description of the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit - performing of basic exercises using Geant4 and learning of the basic capabilities (how to simulate a geometry, a detector, how to retrieve the information, etc.) of Geant4- the exercises are based on the Geant4 'Hadrontherapy' example Ivan Hamracek XI ICFA Workshop, San Carlos de Bariloche ÚEF SAV, Košice, 3.1.2010 29/30

  30. Thank you for your attention!

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