Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

1. Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

2. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • Today’s Big Question: why did the outwards expansion of Europe prove to be so hegemonic and so durable? • The traditional answer to the question related to questions of military power, technology, the profit motive, and religious zeal • The modern answer to the question has much more to do with what was going on inside Europe; • The renaissance gave way to a whole-scale reconfiguration of political, economic, social, and scientific relationships, which involved: • An end to the dominance of religion in the political sphere (ultramontagnism and divine right) • The constitution of independent and sovereign states • The end of feudalism • The growth of early capitalism • The scientific revolution

3. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • The Fragmentation of Western Christendom • The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther • Reform Outside Germany • John Calvin • The Catholic Reformation • The Council of Trent • St. Ignatius Loyola • The Society of Jesus

4. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • The Fragmentation of Western Christendom • Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars • Witch-Hunting • Religious Wars • The Thirty Years’ War

5. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • The Consolidation of Sovereign States • The Attempted Revival of Empire • Charles V

7. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • The Consolidation of Sovereign States • The Attempted Revival of Empire • Charles V • Imperial Fragmentation • Foreign Challenges • The New Monarchs • Finance • State Power • The Spanish Inquisition

8. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • The Consolidation of Sovereign States • Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies • Constitutional States • Absolutism • The Sun King • Absolutism Outside France • The European States System • The Peace of Westphalia • The Balance of Power • Military Development

9. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • Early Capitalist Society • Population Growth and Urbanization • American Food Crops • Population Growth • Urbanization • Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization • The Nature of Capitalism • Supply and Demand • Joint-Stock Companies • Politics and Empire • The Putting-Out System • Social Change in Early Modern Europe • Profit and Ethics • The Nuclear Family

10. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • Science and Enlightenment • The Reconception of the Universe • The Ptolemaic Universe • Planetary Movement • The Copernican Universe • The Scientific Revolution • Galileo Galilei • Isaac Newton • The Enlightenment • Science and Society • Voltaire • Deism • The Theory of Progress

11. Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe • Sources From The Past: Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market “Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is in his own advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he has in view…” - An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations