Reference & Research Writing 102

1. Reference & Research Writing 102 Uniformed Writing for Trinity Theological Seminary of South Florida T. Carter C.Ed Ph D

2. A note to the Student To The Student, • This format was both developed and donated to Trinity Theological Seminary of South Florida for uniformity. Its purpose is to give an understanding of the Reference & Research Courses, and keep all students and campuses on one accord with not only the APA Format, but also with bookbinding, course descriptions, course objectives, and assignments in Reference & Research Writing 101, 102, and 103. Finally it is my prayer that you find this simplified text both helpful and educational as you complete each course.

3. A note to the Student continued • No one knows their students/pupils better than the teacher; therefore use this format at your own discretion. Use this online forum as you see fit in order to meet the needs of both Trinity, and it’s students; all while fulfilling the guidelines of Reference & Research Writing 101, 102, and 103. God Bless, Dr. T. Carter

4. Reference & Research Writing 102 Course Description: • This course is both designed and purposed to help students in accomplishing the following: • ♦an understanding of APA Formatted Writing … • ♦Understand all terminology associated with • an APA formatted paper • ♦Produce an error free paper • ♦ Understand how to produce an outline & • written transcripts in lieu of public • speaking

5. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Course Objectives: • Upon successful completion of this course, the student will: • ♦Produce an error free, well organized, and coherent paper in the APA Format • ♦Use the APA Format, and the instructor’s format/ guidelines in constructing and writing a short research paper …

6. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Grading Analysis: In accordance with Trinity Theological Seminary’s grading system. • Attendance Policy: In accordance with Trinity Theological Seminary’s attendance policy.

7. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Required Class Materials: ♦ An open and a willing mind to learn! • ♦ RRW WB II ♦ A Bible • Assessment & Final Exam: ♦Midterm: Proof of active work on the paper and an in class test. • ♦Final: Turn in your paper and complete your final exam.

8. Course Sections and Objectives • From Speaking to Writing • Essay Format • Revising & Editing • APA Formatting • APA Vocabulary • Extending Your Ideas (paper)

9. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Week One – From Speaking to Writing

10. Reference & Research Writing 102 • From Speaking to Writing There comes a time when speaking needs to be transmitted. It needs to be written, and the written form needs to be understood clear and just as plain as the spoken words. In fact the written words should mirror your speech. Your writing should carry your spirit… God’s Spirit … The Holy Spirit …and finally your written words should be just as effective, and influential as your spoken words.

11. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Preparing an essay First determine the audience. This is important because even as speeches need adjusting, sometimes writings, or essays do too. After the audience is determined second study the topic first before thirdly writing. Find all scriptures, definitions, data, or even testimonies to support, and even help bring clarity and understanding to the topic. Finally (third) begin writing, now it is important to know that all writers are different. Some writer’s would prefer to plan their writing by using an outline, to serve as a guide for the essay this is fine, others just prefer writing as they go and this is fine too. Whatever works best for you in writing that is what you should do … that which will cause the message to be clearly understood!

12. Reference & Research Writing 102 • The Four Types of Writing The four types of writing are: expository to explain, narrative to tell, persuasive to persuade or convince, and descriptive to describe. Listed below are further details on each type of writing.

13. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Expository Writing- explains through details, examples facts and data. When the writing (or speaking) is done there should be clear understanding and not confusion.

14. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Narrative Writing- should tell. Telling does not go into great details it is surface work, directly what is said, with any type of interpretation.

15. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Persuasive Writing- convinces, and influences. This type of writing is most powerful because it changes the mind set. When a person is convinced what they were not willing to hear, do, or even consider before, is now taken into consideration … thanks to the writers, speakers, or leaders persuasion or convincing.

16. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Descriptive Writing- at its best paints a vivid picture in the mind. The picture should be so clear to visualize or think about, that even though the paint is like wording, the picture is imaginatively seen.

17. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Writing the Essay When writing the essay there are several important features that should be included in the essay, and they are: • •Thesis statement (main idea or topic sentence of the entire essay) • •The format (set up and appearance of the entire essay) • •The format (set up and appearance) of an individual essay: Introduction, Body, Conclusion. • •5 given examples through outside sources such as the bible, literature, and periodicals.

18. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Assignment Board Discussion: • On the assignment board Compare and contrast the transition from speaking to writing. • Class Activity and Homework: Using the topic given by your instructor create a list with ten sources that will support the topic. Submit your assignment in the “Assignment Drop Box”.

19. Reference & Research Writing 102 • End of Week One – Next: Essay Format

20. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Essay Format • The format of an essay is simple. Just as spoken words are organized in Public Speaking they are also organized in writing. Recall how “Prepared Speaking and Outlining/ Preparing Notes” in Reference and Research Writing 101 were done. Simply put prepared speaking entailed research or studying a topic in order to better present it verbally to others. Likewise it was the same thing when preparing your notes and outlines as the speaker … study and understanding still had to take place. • Recall the scripture that best summarized “preparing”… II Timothy 2:15, as it is written, “Study to show thyself approved unto God, a workman who need not to be ashamed rightly dividing the word of truth.” Therefore an essay and its format are not much different from preparing (study, research, summarize, etc) for a speech. In fact essays, just like outlining and note taking, have their own simple rules to follow too, as noted below:

21. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Example Format I • Introduction • Transition • Body • Transition • Conclusion • Example Format II • Introduction • Transition • Body: • Paragraph • Transition • Paragraph • Transition • Paragraph • Transition • Conclusion

22. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Please note the difference between examples I and II. The body in Example I is not broken down into great detail, as the body in Example II. Example II gives the detailed break down of the body. In the body it is important to note that this is where an essay is thoroughly explained with all extra sources, and your own personal details.

23. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Now it is important to know that this format can be used with any of the four types of writing (expository, persuasive, narrative, and descriptive) in writing an essay. In addition this format is not to be confused with other “methods of organization” in writing an essay.

24. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Methods of Organization • Methods of organization are formats (in writing) in which the text has been specifically organized to explain the purpose of the paper. Some of the most common methods of organization are: • Cause and Effect • Compare and Contrast • Spatial Order • Time Order

25. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Now it is important to know that this format can be used with any of the four types of writing (expository, persuasive, narrative, and descriptive) in writing an essay. In addition this format is not to be confused with other “methods of organization” in writing an essay.

26. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Message Board Discussion: • Compare and Contrast the formats of Outlining and Note taking to the essay format. • Class Activity and Homework: • Use the topic given by your instructor, and write a one page essay of five hundred words or more (500 words = 1+ typed pages SINGLE SPACED at 12 point font). • Submit your assignment in the “Assignment Drop Box”. • Assignment Due in 24 Hours – Papers turned late will have there letter grades affected.

27. End of Week Two • Next: Revising and Editing

28. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Revising and Editing • Revising and editing is an important part of writing. Simply put revision is rechecking, double checking, and checking some more until you the writer are content with the final message of the writing. Now editing is the messy part of revision. It is where many authors scratch out words, cross out sentences, check spelling and punctuation etc. • Most importantly editing and revision are important because the final drafts are always a presentation of you … the writer.

29. Reference & Research Writing 102 Message Board Discussion: • Why is it important to revise or edit your own paper?

30. Reference & Research Writing 102 • End of Week Three • Next: APA Formatting and Vocabulary

31. Reference & Research Writing 102 APA Formatting • APA formatting is the guidelines for an APA Research Paper, Essay, Book Review, Notes, etc. The focus of this workbook will be formatting for both essays and the research paper.

32. Reference & Research Writing 102 APA Vocabulary • APA – An acronym meaning American Psychological Association • APA Documentation Style- The documentation style most often used for papers in the Sciences, the social studies, and social sciences • APA Paper Format- formatting guidelines for an APA Research Paper, Essay, Book Review, Notes, etc along with other special instructor requirements. • Title Page- this first page of the research paper that must include all of the following: At the top: title of the paper, your name At the bottom: final reports submitted to What school, City & location, Fulfillment of what degree, Date NOTE: AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS IN THE 103 WORKBOOK. • Outline- This is not originally part of the APA formatted Paper, however it will serve in the place of a Table of Contents. The title Outline must be 1 inch from the top of your paper, and centered.

33. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Abstract- Immediately following the outline is the abstract. The abstract is a 100 to 150 word paragraph summarizing your paper. The title Abstract must be 1 inch from the top of your paper, and centered. • Body- the body starts on a separate page right after the abstract. The title “body” is NOT to be placed on any pages however; your main topics and subtopic titles from your outlines are to be centered. All of the titles must be 1 inch, (if they happen to fall into place at the top) from the top of your paper, and centered. • Margins- this is the “invisible” white border on all four sides of a paper. It keeps the text inside of the same invisible border. Margins are usually set on the computers Menu Bar under: File: Page Setup: Margins (set, the top, right, and bottom to 1 inch and the left to 1.5 inches) • Line Spacing- This is the appearance of the spaces between the lines in your typed papers. The papers are required to be double spaced through out from the Abstract to the Reference Page (excluding titles captions, tables, etc. all found in the Appendix).To setup line spacing for your paper(s) on the computer use the following to aid you: Format: Paragraph: Line Spacing: (select double space)

34. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Headings- are all titles that are used to show and introduce: Pages: each page is headed with a page number and short title. The short title is the first two or three words of your title with the page number, all in the top right corners of each page. To set this up on your computer use the following to aid you: View: Headers & Footers: type in your short title and then click on the number sign. Main Headings must be centered, using regular upper and lower case text. Sub Headings main headings must be centered, using regular upper and lower case text and underlined. No other font types or variations are acceptable. • Page Numbers – please see Heading • Citations- with in the paper give credit to all other writer’s and authors from whom you have taken information or cited them in your writing. The general format to follow after each quote is:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • References- Place all full citations for all sources in an alphabetical list at the end of your paper. The format is as follows: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

35. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Appendix- this is the section of the paper that gives way to all pictures and captions. The pictures and captions should be in the order that they are mentioned in your paper(s). • Parenthetical Documentation- this simply means the process of quoting: Short Quotes: If a quote is 4 typed lines or less, leave it in the text/ in the body of your paper, and put quotation marks around it with the citation (credit) at the end, same as #12. Long Quote If a quote is 4 typed lines or more type it in block style: 10 spaces (tab 2 xs) in from the left margin. Do NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS! Credit is also given at the end, same as #12.

36. Reference & Research Writing 102 • End of Week Four • Next: Extending Your Ideas (paper)

37. Reference & Research Writing 102 Extending Your Ideas • Many times writers often get stuck on their writing, and they have problems meeting their requirements. Students can add to their work by simply stretching their papers or by extending them. • To extend a paper, all the student needs to do is add more details to their topic (outline). For example if the topic is The Love of God and the student has chosen 15 main topics and at least 2 subtopics under each of those 15, all the student needs to do is think about what they did not say, think about what they did not include, and think about what they may have omitted. • Finally if this does not work consider the audience that will read your work. Will they understand? Do you understand the audience, and how to reach them? For example have you written to address a high level audience, middle class audience, backslidden audience, an audience of leaders, etc.

38. Reference & Research Writing 102 102 Comprehensive Review Course Review (comprehensive) Directions: Fill in the blanks to create your own review for the final exam (the type of final exam is up to the instructor, it may very well be an essay, or test, or both… the instructor will decide). • There comes a time when speaking needs to be ___________________________. It needs to be ___________________________, and the _____________________ form needs to be ____________________ clear and just as plain as the _________________________ words. • How does one prepare for an essay? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • How does one determine what type of writing is needed? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • List the four types of writing. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • How many features should be included in the essay?____ • Explain each feature of an essay below. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

39. Reference & Research Writing 102 • 102 Comprehensive Review • Course Review (comprehensive) • Methods of organization are _______________________ (in writing) in which the ________________has been ________________________, ____________________________ to explain the __________________________of the paper. • List the four most common methods of organization. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • The final presentation of your writing should reflect_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Explain how a paper can be extended. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • What does APA mean? __________________________________ • What is APA Documentation Style? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

40. Reference & Research Writing 102 • What goes on the title page? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Define outline __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • What is an abstract? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Explain the body of an essay or research paper. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Explain how to set the margins, line spacing, headers, and page numbers. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

41. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Explain the difference between citations and references. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • What is parenthetical documentation? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • What is difference between a long quote and a short quote? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

42. Reference & Research Writing 102 • End of Week Five • Next: Final Exam Assessment • Make sure to review the Comprehensive Review. • Go to the Assessment location on the website. Enter your password to begin.

43. Reference & Research Writing 102 • Next Reference & Research Writing 103