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Federalist Period: John Adams

Federalist Period: John Adams. Development of Political Parties. Washington “above” politics, but a federalist Federalist party emerges John Adams, Hamilton, etc Characteristics Pro industrial development Pro British Pro strong central government “Looser” interpretation of Constitution.

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Federalist Period: John Adams

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  1. Federalist Period: John Adams

  2. Development of Political Parties • Washington “above” politics, but a federalist • Federalist party emerges • John Adams, Hamilton, etc • Characteristics • Pro industrial development • Pro British • Pro strong central government • “Looser” interpretation of Constitution Prominent Federalists

  3. Election of 1796 • First post-Washington election • John Adams (F) – 71 EV • Thomas Jefferson (D-R) – 68 EV • Thomas Pinckney (F) – 59 EV • Aaron Burr (D-R) – 30 EV President = John Adams (F) VP = Thomas Jefferson (D-R)

  4. President, VP From Different Parties VP Jefferson Pres. Adams • Constitution • President to be person with most EVs • VP to be person with second most EVs • No concept of “ticket” or pres, VP running together • Founders did not anticipate rise of political parties • Became big problem in Adams’ Admin.

  5. President Adams: Foreign Policy French (in distance) bearing down on damaged American ship • Continued neutrality • Adams wanted to stay out of war between Britain, France • Problem: Jay’s Treaty angered French, so they began attacking American shipping • Adams sent diplomats to negotiate with French (Pinckney, Gerry, Marshall)

  6. John Adams: XYZ Affair Americans (at left) facing French revolutionary demands, in US newspaper cartoon Three French agents demanded $250k bribe, $12 million loan to help French fight wars and public apology just to let Americans see French foreign minister Americans went home, instead

  7. John Adams: XYZ Affair • Jefferson demanded to see reports from diplomats (Why?) • Released to public, changing French agents’ names to X, Y and Z • Huge public outcry: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” Token handed out during XYZ Affair

  8. John Adams: “Quasi-War” • Quasi-War: No declaration, but French, American warships attacked each other and merchant ships • American negotiators offered French same terms as Jays Treaty, but French refused • Convention of 1800: Adams renegotiated treaty • US drops claim for damaged merchant ships • France released US from alliance of 1778 • Weakened US affection for French USS Constellation – active during Quasi War

  9. Federalist v. Democratic-Republican Roundup

  10. Federalist v. Democratic-Republican Roundup

  11. John Adams: Domestic Affairs • Alien-Sedition Acts (1798) • Alien Friends Act • Authorized the president to deport any resident alien considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.” • Aimed at French sympathizers • Alien Enemies Act (still in effect) • authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States • Naturalization Act • Extended the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens to 14 years • Sedition Act • made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials Fight in Congress during debate over Sedition Act, 1798

  12. John Adams: Domestic Affairs “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the Press . . .” • Reaction to Sedition Act • Jefferson: Unconstitutional!! • First Amendment • Tenth Amendment • No Judicial Review yet (M v M in 1803) – thus, exercise of “undelegated powers” by Feds • TJ, James Madison introduce KY and VA Resolutions • Called on states to nullify laws • Compact theory: US made up of voluntary union of states giving some power to central gov’t; but states do not give away their sovereignty • If state’s sovereignty violated, then state had right to nullify Federal act or secede from union “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”

  13. John Adams: Domestic Affairs • Alien-Sedition Acts in Action • No aliens deported (many fled) • 25 people, mainly D-R newspaper editors, arrested under Sedition Act (incl. 1 congressman!) • 11 tried, 10 convicted • Federalist Party Declines • Federalists tossed out of office • After his election, President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under Sedition Act The power of the press . . .

  14. The 1800 Election • One of the nastiest elections ever (slander, personal attacks) • Jefferson v. Adams • Campaign destroyed friendship, for years • Jefferson, Burr tie; election goes to Federalist House • On 35 ballots, deadlocked 8 states to 8 states • On 36th ballot, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to change vote to Jefferson (Burr was personal enemy) Jefferson (D-R)73 Burr (D-R)73 J. Adams (F)65 Pinckney (F)64

  15. 1800 Election Aftermath • 12th Amendment • President, VP run as a ticket • Each elector casts 1 vote for a president, & 1 vote for a VP • President, VP must win absolute majority of EC votes • Deadlocks go to House, where each state gets one vote for any of top 3 tickets • Federalists lose control of legislature, Fed bureaucracy • Adams: Midnight appointments to judiciary (eventually leads to Marbury v. Madison) Boston Sentinel, 1801

  16. John Adams Administration Report Card Analysis

  17. Election of 1800

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