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PC Memory Architecture

PC Memory Architecture. CCNT50 (Basic Troubleshooting and Maintenance). Hard Disk Drive Basics. RAM ROM. Format File Systems. Contents. Memory Considerations. RAID. CAS Latency. Removable Media Drives. Magnetic Storage Optical Storage Solid-State Storage. Memory Packaging.

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PC Memory Architecture

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  1. PC Memory Architecture CCNT50 (Basic Troubleshooting and Maintenance)

  2. Hard Disk Drive Basics • RAM • ROM • Format • File Systems Contents • Memory Considerations • RAID • CAS Latency • Removable Media Drives • Magnetic Storage • Optical Storage • Solid-State Storage • Memory Packaging Physical Memory • SIMM’s • DIMM’s • Early Disk Drives

  3. Computer Architecture In computer science and computer engineering, computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.

  4. Physical Memory RAM (Random Access Memory) – Primary memory in the computer. It is a volatile type of memory where the information is lost after the power is switched off.

  5. Physical Memory Two Types of RAM DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) - is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. It is called dynamic because it loses all data when power is removed. The main memory (the "RAM") in personal computers is Dynamic RAM (DRAM), as is the "RAM" of home game consoles (PlayStation, Xbox 360 and Wii), laptop, notebook and workstation computers.

  6. Physical Memory SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) - is a type of semiconductor memory where the word static indicates that, unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), it does not need to be periodically refreshed. But it is still volatile in the conventional sense that data is eventually lost when the memory is not powered.

  7. Memory Considerations Column Address Strobe (CAS) latency, or CL, is the delay time between the moment a memory controller tells the memory module to access a particular memory column on a RAM memory module, and the moment the data from given array location is available on the module's output pins. In general, the lower the CAS latency, the better.

  8. Memory Packaging The packaging is simply the entire makeup of a unit of memory.

  9. Memory Packaging SIMM’s and DIMM’s A SIMM, or single in-line memory module, is a type of memory module containing random access memory used in computers from the early 1980s to the late 1990s. It differs from a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), the most predominant form of memory module today, in that the contacts on a SIMM are redundant on both sides of the module.

  10. Memory Packaging 1980 - The world's first gigabyte-capacity disk drive, the IBM 3380, was the size of a refrigerator, weighed 550 pounds (about 250 kg), and had a price tag of $40,000 Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present)

  11. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 1986 - Standardization of SCSI 1989 - Jimmy Zhu and H. Neal Bertram from UCSD proposed exchange decoupled granular microstructure for thin film disk storage media, still used today. 1991 - 2.5-inch 100 megabyte hard drive

  12. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 1991 - PRML Technology (Digital Read Channel with 'Partial Response Maximum Likelihood' algorithm) 1992 - first 1.3-inch hard disk drive - HP Kittyhawk

  13. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 1994 - IBM introduces Laser Textured Landing Zones (LZT) 1996 - IBM introduces GMR (Giant MR) Technology for read sensors 1998 - UltraDMA/33 and ATAPI standardized

  14. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 1999 - IBM releases the Microdrive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities 2002 - 137 GB addressing space barrier broken

  15. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 1999 - IBM releases the Microdrive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities 2002 - 137 GB addressing space barrier broken

  16. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 2003 - Serial ATA introduced 2005 - First 500 GB hard drive shipping (Hitachi GST)

  17. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 2005 - Serial ATA 3Gbps standardized 2005 - Seagate introduces Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Sensor (TMR) and Thermal Spacing Control 2005 - Introduction of faster SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) 2005 - First Perpendicular recording HDD shipped: Toshiba 1.8-inch 40/80 GB[7]

  18. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 2006 - First 750 GB hard drive (Seagate) 2006 - First 200 GB 2.5" hard drive utilizing Perpendicular recording (Toshiba) 2006 - Fujitsu develops heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) that could one day achieve one terabit per square inch densities.[8]

  19. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present)

  20. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 2007 - First 1 terabyte hard drive[9] (Hitachi GST)

  21. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 2008 - First 1.5 terabyte hard drive[10] (Seagate)

  22. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 2009 - First 2.0 terabyte hard drive[11] (Western Digital)

  23. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present) 2009 - First 2.0 terabyte hard drive[11] (Western Digital) 2010 - First 3TB Hard drive (Seagate)

  24. Early Disk Drives (from 1980 up to present)

  25. Hard Disk Drives - is a non-volatile storage device for digital data. Data is encoded magnetically by read/write heads that float on a cushion of air above the platters. Hard Disk Drive Basics

  26. Hard Disk Drive Basics FORMAT and FILE SYSTEM - A disk file system is a file system designed for the storage of files on a data storage device

  27. RAID, an acronym for redundant array of independent disks or redundant array of inexpensive disks, is a technology that provides increased storage reliability through redundancy, combining multiple low-cost, less-reliable disk drives components into a logical unit where all drives in the array are interdependent. RAID combines two or more physical hard disks into a single logical unit using special hardware or software. Hardware solutions are often designed to present themselves to the attached system as a single hard disk, so that the operating system would be unaware of the technical workings. RAID

  28. In computer storage, removable media refers to storage media which is designed to be removed from the computer without powering the computer off. Some types of removable media are designed to be read by removable readers and drives. Removable Media Drives

  29. Magnetic storage and magnetic recording are terms from engineering referring to the storage of data on a magnetized medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization in a magnetizable material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory. Removable Media Drives

  30. Removable Media Drives

  31. Optical storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light. A common modern technique used by computers involves a tiny beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. Removable Media Drives

  32. A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. SSDs are distinguished from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which are electromechanical devices containing spinning disks and movable read/write heads. SSDs, in contrast, use microchips, and contain no moving parts. Removable Media Drives

  33. Removable Media Drives

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