American History

American History Chapter 14: World War I

The 4 MAIN underlying causesof World War I M militarism A alliances I imperialism N nationalism

The Alliances Triple Entente Triple Alliance

Archduke Franz Ferdinand The Balkans were nicknamed the “powder-keg of Europe” When the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, it was the spark. The area was ready to explode! The immediate cause of WW I

The Alliances took sides . . .

Allied Powers GRIEF GRIUF G R I U F Great Britain Russia Italy United States France “Our” side in World War I . . .

Central Powers AGO A Austria-Hungary Our Enemy in World War I G Germany O Ottoman Empire

Von Schleiffen Plan “Strangle the French chicken before wrestling the Russian bear.” Germany hoped to defeat France (on the west) quickly before attacking Russia on the east.

Why the von Schleiffen Plan didn’t work The Germans were close to Paris . . . but the “taxicab army” came from the city and stopped the German advance. First Battle of the Marne The result was years of stalemate.

Trench warfare

“No man’s land” The area between the trenches of the opposing armies

Shell shock The stress of war sometimes led to mental breakdowns

over the top

Somme Bloodiest battle of the war

Verdun The longest battle of the war More than 4 months (before it was “dun”

Argonne Forest The biggest offensive ever in American history. Under General Pershing, Americans opened a hole in German lines.

New Weapons of WW I Machine gun tanks Poison gas zeppelin artillery U-boat airplanes dreadnaught

War of Attrition • To wear the other side d • o • w • n • In hopes that you can make a break through

Total War The army Folks at home Everyone is affected by the war.

neutral Before 1917, the United States did not OFFICIALLY take sides in the war. We were . . .

Reasons U.S. Joined the War $$$ Economic ties to Britain and France U.S. banks loaned a lot of money to the Allies. They needed the Allies to win so they could get their money back. Germans sank the Lusitania, a British liner. It was carrying some American passengers. U-Boats Zimmerman note Germany tried to persuade Mexico to enter the war and attack us.

Woodrow Wilson President during WW I

Selective Service Act All men 23-30 had to register for the draft. A lottery randomly selected those who had to serve.

Doughboy(nickname for American soldiers in WW I)

General John J. Pershing American general in WW I The American army . . . AEF: American Expeditionary Force

Convoy System Navy ships surrounded ships carrying troops and supplies to guard then from German U-boats as the American ships crossed the Atlantic.

Herbert Hoover People were encouraged to have Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, Porkless Thursdays The head of the Food Administration encouraged people to save food. Rationing Government order to limit or conserve resources in order to support the war effort.

War Industries Board Government agency that regulated production, costs, and the use of natural resources during WWI.

Committee on Public InformationCPI It’s job was to “sell” the war to the American public. To promote the war in a favorable way (and present the enemy in an unfavorable way) propaganda

Great Migration Thousands of African Americans left the South to settle and work in Northern cities (Chicago, New York, Cleveland, Detroit)

Espionage and Sedition Acts It made penalties and prison terms for anyone who gave aid to the enemy. Officials could prosecute anyone who criticized the president or government. Even though the acts seemed to deny free speech, the courts usually upheld them.

Russian Revolution Lenin Communist party leader in Russia Bolsheviks seized power

Russia Before World War I After World War I

Armistice Day Celebrating the end of the Great War 11-11-1918 The day the fighting stopped

Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace

Big Four Leaders of the peace conference in Paris Britain: Lloyd-George France: Clemenceau Italy: Orlando United States: Wilson They dictated the terms of the treaty.

Treaty of Versailles The treaty that officially ended World War I. The U.S. Senate refused to sign the Treaty – it was too harsh.

War guilt clause Germany was forced to take full responsibility for the war. German anger and frustration over the clause (and loss of many of. their resources) were among the causes of World War II).

Reparations *The last payment was made September 29, 2010. Germany had to repay huge sums of money to the Allies after the war.

League of Nations Wilson’s 14th point The U.S. Senate was afraid that if we joined, the U.S. could be pulled into another European war. The U. S. didn’t join. An international peace-keeping organization formed after World War I

A New Map • Austria-Hungary was divided up • Ottoman Empire ended • Russia gone, USSR in its place • Poland added

Boston Police Strike Prices rose after the war, and the cost of living went up. Workers were better organized than before the war, and many went on strike. Police in Boston went on strike; The Governor fired them and hired new workers. Impact on the U.S.

Race Riots of 1919 Many African Americans left the South during the war to find factory jobs in Northern cities. “the Great Migration” Tension between racial groups led to riots in some cities. Impact on the U.S.

The Red Scare Americans were afraid that Communists were going to take over the country. Impact on the U.S.

J. Edgar Hoover Led the hunt for “Reds” He became the head of the FBI.

Two Hoovers . . . Herbert Hoover J. Edgar Hoover Led the hunt for Communists Became the head of the FBI • Led the Food Administration during WWI • Became President of the US

Legacy of WW I • 1st modern, mechanized war • Total war – all aspects of nations were involved • Spanish influenza epidemic –30 to 50 million died worldwide • Death and destruction • 10 million military deaths • Millions more wounded, shell-shocked, and gassed soldiers • 5 million civilian casualties

Leading up to WW II • Reparationscaused debt & depression • Revenge – countries were eager for it • Radical leaders became powerful And countries wanted toRegainlost territory

American History