Pronouns

1. Pronouns

2. Pronouns • A word used to take the place of a noun (or group of words acting as a noun) • Ex. Michelle went to the observatory. She thought it was the clearest night so far. • Antecedent is the noun which a pronoun stands for • Ex. After their party, the astronomers went to a party.

3. Personal Pronouns • Used to refer to: • The person speaking • The person spoken to • The person, place, or things spoken about

4. Personal Pronouns (cont.) • The antecedent of a personal pronoun may or may not be directly stated, but rather is implied. • We read about the origin of the universe. • You must submit your paper soon. • The technicians ate their lunch at noon.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns • Direct attention to specific people, places or things • May be located before OR after their antecedent • Before: That is a newly discovered galaxy. • After: A star to steer by – this was all I had.

6. Interrogative Pronouns • Used to begin a question • The antecedent for an interrogative pronoun may not always be known. • Direct Question: What fell from the sky? • Indirect Question: He had two problems. I asked which needed to be solved first.

7. Indefinite Pronouns • Refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones • No specific antecedent: Nobody was required to clean up, but many offered to assist. • Specific antecedent: I bought new book covers, but none were the right size.

8. Singular Indefinite Pronouns • Another much anybody • Neither anyone nobody • Anything no one each • Nothing either one • Everybody other everyone • Somebody everything someone • Little something

9. Plural Indefinite Pronouns • Both few many • Others several

10. Singular or Plural Indefinite • All any more • Most none some

11. Reflexive Pronouns • Used to add information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun near the beginning of the sentence • Ex. Cosmologists ready themselves for discovery

12. Intensive Pronouns • Used simply to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun • Ex. You yourself agreed with the theory.

13. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

15. Verbs • A word that expresses time while showing an action, a condition, or the fact that something exists • (It’s what you do!!)

16. Action verbs • Verb that tells what action someone or something is performing • Visible – Jeremy ate the whole pizza. • Mental – Elena wondered about her future.

17. Linking verbs • Connects its subject with a word generally found near the end of the sentence and identifies, renames, or describes the subject • Augustus was emperor • The verb be is the most common linking verb

18. Forms of “be”

19. Other Linking Verbs • Appear, come, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, state, taste, turn • The leader looked determined. • To determine whether these are action or linking, insert am, are, or is in its place • Linking: Caesar looks busy. (Caesar is busy.) • Action: Enemies looked for an opportunity.

20. Transitive Verbs • Action verb that directs action toward someone or something in the same sentence. • The host interviewed Sue. • Interviewed whom? Sue • The word that receives that action of a transitive verb is the object of the verb

21. Intransitive Verbs • Action verb that does not direct action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. • She smiled when she won. • Smiled what? No answer.

23. Linking Verbs • A verb that connects its subject with a word at or near the end of the sentence • Ex: Hudson’s ship was the Half Moon.

25. Adjectives • A word used to describe a noun or pronoun • Give a noun or pronoun a more specific meaning • Answers one of the following questions: • What kind? • Which one? • How many? • How much?

26. Nouns used as Adjectives • Answers the question What kind? or Which one? about a noun that follows it • NounsNouns Used as Adjectives Automobile automobile mechanic Consumer consumer reporter

27. Proper Adjectives • An adjective formed from a proper noun Proper NounProper Adjective Hawaii Hawaiian pineapples Athens Athenian temple

28. Compound Adjectives • An adjective that is made up of more than one word Hyphenated Combined Upside-down cake upright piano Full-scale rebellion keynote speaker

29. Pronouns Used as Adjectives • A pronoun is used as an adjective if it describes a noun

30. Verb Forms as Adjective • Verb forms used as adjectives usually end in –ing or –ed and are called participles • Ex. I pruned the wilting flowers.

31. Nouns, pronouns, and verb forms function as adjectives ONLY when they modify other nouns or pronouns

33. End Marks • Periods • The sky is clear today. • Question Marks • Is it sunny outside? • Exclamation Marks • How clear the sky is! • Ouch! That hurt!

34. Other Uses of End Marks • Periods • Mr. L. A. Ranson, Ph.D. • I. Causes of revolt • A. Pay inequities • Question Marks • The group raised $25.80 (?). • On January 21 (?) the group will have its first meeting.

36. Commas Separating Basic Elements

37. Commas w/Independent Clauses • Use a comma before the conjunction (and, or, but, etc) to separate 2 independent clauses in a compound sentence. • Independent clause – part of a sentence that can stand alone as its own sentence • Compound sentence – a sentence that is made of two sentences joined by a conjunction • Ex. We worked most of the day, but we didn’t finish the room. • Ex. Not only were we late for the party, but most of the food was gone also.

38. Commas w/Items in a Series • Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series • Remember to put a comma before the “and” • Mom bought candy, milk, and cookies for the party.

39. Commas w/Adjectives • Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank but not adjectives that must stay in a specific order • Eager, devoted fans waited outside the star’s dressing room. • Many eager fans waited outside the star’s dressing room.

41. More Commas • Use a comma after an introductory word or phrase • Introductory word – No, you can’t have an A. • Introductory phrase – After he spoke, the president left the stage.

42. Use commas to set off nonessential expressions • Names of people being address – If you don’t stop, Jack, I’m going to hurt you. • Certain adverbs – I wanted, however, to go elsewhere. • Common expressions – Girls, of course, are smarter than boys. • Contrasting expressions – Boys are stronger, not girls.

44. Commas (last time, swear) • When a date, geographical name, or an address is made up of two or more parts, use a comma after each item except in the case of a month followed by a day. • Use commas to set off a title following a name.

45. Use a comma in the following: • Date: On April 18, 1775… • Geographical Name: Atlanta, GA was… • Address: My address is 408 Wash St., M’ville, VA • Name w/title: Joe Schmo, Ph.D. • Salutation/closing: Dear Ann, / Your friend, • Numbers: 1,234 • Elliptical sentence: Joe excels at golf, Dan, at tennis • Direct Quote: “You know,” she said, “I hate stupid people.” • To prevent confusion: Riding with Tim, Jill jumped in the car.

47. Nouns • Names a person, place, or thing • Concrete noun – things that can be touched, seen, or recognized through any of the 5 senses • Abstract nouns – things that cannot be recognized through the 5 senses…they are ideas • Compound nouns – noun that’s made up of more than one word

48. Collective nouns – name groups of people or things • Common nouns – name any one of a class of people, places, or things (very generic/vague) • Proper nouns – name a specific person, place, or thing and begins with a capital letter

50. Semicolons ; • Use a semicolon to join: • Independent clauses notjoined by a conjunction (and, but, or, etc.) • The chief sounded the alarm; the firefighters raced to their stations • Separated by a conjunctive adverb (consequently, therefore, however, etc.) • Helen has a 4.0 average; consequently, she has a good chance for a scholarship