Biochemistry

1. Biochemistry Macromolecule: - what? - m? - p? Protein: structure? monomer? function? example Lipid structure monomer function example Nucleic acid: structure? monomer? function? example carbohydrate structure monomer function example Enzymes: - what - function to

2. Biochemistry Practice Questions What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature? a. tomatoes need sunlight to ripen b. humidity accelerates the ripening process c. low temperatures reduce the action of ripening enzymes d. enzymes produced by bacteria inhibit ripening There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction? a. different enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of the cytoplasm b. most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions c. an enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reactions catalyzed. d. enzymes are transported to specific subrates by ribosomes. Some snake bites are harmful because they contain enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused by such a snake bite could be best slowed by ? a. applying ice to the bite area b. drinking large amounts of water c. inducing vomiting d. increasing blood flow to the area Maltose can be broke down into glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase. Which of the following would slow the reaction rate? a. adding maltase b. adding maltose c. removing glucose d. diluting with water

3. P… - - E … - - Organelle: -nucleus -structure -function -endoplasmic reticulum -structure -types -functions -mitochondria -structure -function - chloroplast -structure -function -found in - golgi apparatus -structure -function Cells

4. Quiz 1 1. On the pH scale numbers higher than 7 represent? a. acid b. base c. neutral d. none of the above 2. An environmental signal to which an organism responds is a(n) a. stimulus b. inference c. manipulated variable d. responding variable 3. Organic molecules consisting of nucleotides made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group are called: a. carbohydrates b. nucleic acids c. proteins d. steroids 4. What macromolecule is shown in the diagram ? a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. protein d. nucleic acid 5. In the graph, which reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme? a. A b. B c. Both d. None 6. Which of the following is not a carbohydrate? a. sugars b. starches c. fatty acids d. cellulose

5. Quiz 1 7. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote? a. amoeba b. virus c. bacteria d. all of these are prokaryotes 8. The organelle that consists of a stack of membranes and serves to process and package proteins for secretion is the a. mitochondria b. enodplasmic reticulum c. lysosome d. Golgi Apparatus 9.Refer to the diagram. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions to? a. detoxify lipids (drugs) b. make proteins c. package proteins d. combine proteins with lipids to make enzymes 10. Refer to the diagram. The rough endoplasmic reticulum _______? a. is the site of carbohydrate formation b. is the site of lipid formation c. assists in protein synthesis d. none of these • 11. The above cell is probably an animal cell because it has? • It has mitochondria • It does not have a cell wall • It has a cell membrane • It does not have a nucleus 3 1 2 5 4

6. Cells Practice Questions Which of these best completes this concept map? a. an animal cell b. a prokaryotic cell c. a virus d. a plant cell Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells ? a. are much smaller b. have permeable membranes c. have a higher rate of reproduction d. have nuclei Which organelle is responsible for packaging the proteins that the cell secretes ? a. cytoskeleton b. Golgi apparatus c. lysosome d. ribosome A cell from a heart muscle would probably have an unusually high proportion of? a. lysosomes b. mitochondria c. mRNA d. Golgi bodies The diagram to the left shows a cell that has a cell wall and free floating DNA. What type of cell is this one most likely to be? a. prokaryotic b. eukaryotic c. viral d. animal ? A well-defined nuclear membrane Has Is surrounded by contains DNA A rigid coat of cellulose mitochondria chloroplast

7. Cells cont'd Organelle: -lysosome -structure -function -centrioles -structure -types -functions -ribosomes -structure -function Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Cell Membrane: -structure -function - semi-permeable - fluid mosaic model -Membrane movement -concentration -active -passive - d -o -facilitated

8. Cells Practice Questions All cells are surrounded by membranes. The main role of the cell membrane is to ? a. regulate the cell’s interactions with the environment. b. release any type of molecule out of the cell c. arrange the cell’s organelles in the cytoplasm d. prevent water from leaking out of the cell What type of molecule embedded in the cell membrane allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane by active transport? a. phospholipid b. proteins c. ATP d. carbohydrates Osmosis is the movement of water across a cell membrane. In osmosis, water molecules move between phospholipids and toward areas that have a lower concentration of water molecules. Osmosis is a type of a. diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. fluid mosaic model The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering this membrane is called? a. perforated b. semi-permeable c. non-conductive d. permeable The plasma membrane ? a. protein molecules arranged in two layers with polar areas forming the outside of the membrane b. two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane c. lipid molecules positioned between two carbohydrate layers d. protein molecules with polar and nonpolar tails

9. Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration - what ? - equation -Glycolysis: -breaks down -aerobic vs. anaerobic -takes place in -Krebs cycle -breaks down - takes place in -functions -Electron transport chain -breaks down -takes place in - results Photosynthesis: -what? - equation -occurs where -Stage I – Light Dependent - where? - Stage II- Light Independent - where? - also called?

10. Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis Practice Questions Sugar + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ____ The diagram above describes the process of cellular respiration. During this process, cells use sugar and oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, and to produce usable form of energy. What is the missing product in the equation above? a. mitochondria b. ATP c. sugar d. sunlight Carbon monoxide is a gas that has one carbon atom bonded with one oxygen atom (CO). When inhaled, carbon monoxide is deadly because it prevents red blood cells from carrying oxygen to other cells in the body. Without oxygen, cells cannot undergo? a. cellular respiration b. photosynthesis c. DNA replication d. passive transport In aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in a. chloroplasts b. nuclei c. lysosomes d. mitochondria Which molecule in plant cells first captures the radiant energy from sunlight? a. glucose b. carbon dioxide c. chlorophyll d. adenosine triphosphate The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is? a. light-dependent b. temperature-dependent c. glucose-driven d. ATP-driven In aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in a. chloroplasts b. nuclei c. lysosomes d. mitochondria

11. Quiz 2 1. The organelle associated with aerobic cellular respiration is: a. chloroplasts b. mitochondria c. golgi apparatus d. vacuoles 3. Referring to the diagram above we can observe that there are many more Na ions outside the neuron than inside and that there are many more K ions inside the neuron than outside. This results in what is called a. concentration gradient b. equilibrium of molecules c. passive diffusion d. exocytosis 4. The cell membrane consists of • Two protein layers • Two carbohydrate layers • Two lipid layers • A slid mass of lipids 5. Ribosomes are the site of a cells • Energy release • Digestion • Gas exchange • Protein synthesis • 2. The illustration to the left diagrams photosynthesis occuring in the chloroplast. What products are formed by photosynthesis? • Carbon dioxide and energy • Water and oxygen • Chlorophyll and carbon dioxide • Sugar and oxygen Reactants (water, carbon dioxide) Go into the chloroplasts Which forms? Products????

12. Quiz 2 6. During photosynthesis the light dependent reactions take place in • Thylakoid membrane • Stroma • Double membrane • None of these 7. Which of the following best describes the function of photosynthesis? • To convert energy from sunlight into the stored chemical energy of sugar • To release energy from sugar into the atmosphere • To produce water for plants to use in photosynthesis • To dispose of carbon dioxide that builds up by digesting food 8. In photosynthesis light independent reactions are also called the • Calvin cycle • Krebs Cycle • Water cycle • Photosynthesis II cycle 9. 6CO2 + 6 H20 + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 The formula represents the process of ? • Cellular respiration • Independent respiration • Photosynthesis • Cell respiration 10. C6H12O6 represents? • Water • Carbon dioxide • Glucose • Energy 11. The heart is a muscle that pumps blood throughout the body. In order to perform its function, the heart requires a lot of energy. Which of the following would the heart need the most of in order to get the energy it needs to pump blood throughout the body? • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • DNA • Endoplasmic reticulum

13. Mitosis, Meiosis, and DNA Mitosis: -what? -type of cell - chromosomes - type of chromosomes - how many -p -m -a -t Meiosis: - what? - type of cells - steps -results - crossing over? - what? - when? -type of chromosomes? #? DNA - stands for - duplicates by - base pairs - bond - coil called? - semi-conservative replication? Mutations - duplication - deletion - inversion - translocation - effects Differentiation - what -importance?

14. Protein Synthesis Central Dogma: - DNA RNA __________ - mRNA - tRNA - rRNA - transcription? -what - where - codons? - base pairing rules - translation - what - where - anticodons - codon chart

15. Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Practice Questions • 3. Which of the following best describes meiosis? • It is carried out in all tissues that require cell replacement • It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures in organisms • It happens in all tissues except the brain and spinal cord • It is the first stage of mitosis • 4. The diagram above shows homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated? • Mutation in which the DNA content of the gene is altered • Segregation of sister chromatids • Condensation and segregation of alleles • Crossing-over in which alleles are exchanged • This process is known as: • Meiosis • Mitosis • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis. • 2. Which of the following statements correctly describes meiosis? • Cells divide only once during meiosis • Meiosis does not occur in reproductive cells • The cells produced at the end of meiosis are genetically identical to the parent • The cells produced at the end of meiosis contain half 1.

16. Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Practice Questions • 8.. The table below lists the typical diploid number of chromosomes of several different organism. • Diploid number of chromosomes • Which of the following is the best explanation for why the chromosome number is an even number in each of these organisms? • It is only a coincidence; many other organisms have an odd number of chromosomes • The diploid chromosome number is always even so that when mitosis occurs each new cell gets the same number of chromosomes • The diploid chromosome number represents pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, so it is always an even number • Chromosomes double every time the cell divides, so after the first division, the number is always even. • 7. A scientist puts the nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed of only the amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate? • The amino acid phenylalanine is composed of uracil • UUU codes fro the amino acid phenylalanine • Protein syntheis malfunctions in a test tube • Most proteins contain one type of amino acid • 5. Which of the following sequences represents chromosome number during fertilization? • n+n  2n • 2n n+n • N n • 2n –> 2n • 6. 5’ ATCAGCGCTGGC 3’ • The above sequence of DNA is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment? • 4 • 8 • 12 • 20

17. Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Practice Questions • 12. Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the • Size of a given amino acid can vary • Chemical composition of a given amino acid can vary • Sequence and number of amino acids is different • Same amino acids can have many different properties • 13. The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and firm when cooked because the heat? • Mutates the DNA • Turns the protein into carbohydrates • Stops protein formation • Changes the protein structure • 9. Which of these would most likely cause a mutation? • The placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum • The insertion of a nucleotide into DNA • The movement of transfer of RNA out of the nucleus • The release of messenger RNA from DNA • 10. Using the codon chart. A strand of mRNA containing the repeating sequence AAGAAGAAGAAg could code for which of the following amino acid sequences? • lys-arg-glu-lys • Ser-ser-glu-glu • Lys-arg-lys-arg • Lys-lys-lys-lys • 11. One human disease is caused by a change in one codon in a gene from GAA to GUA. This disease is the result of • Mutation • A meiosis error • Crossing-over • polyploidy

18. Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Practice Questions • 14. Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication? • 5’ AGTCUT 3’ • 3’ TCUGTA 5’ • 5’ AGTCAT 3’ • 3’ TCAGTA 5’ • 5’ AGTCAT 3’ • 3’ CTGACG5’ • 5’ AGTCAT 3’ • 3’ UCAGUA 5’ • 15. 5’ GTA _ _ _ AA 3’ • 3’ CAT GCATT 5’ • This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which three nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them with • CGT • GCA • CTG • GTA • 16. A base sequence is shown below. • ACAGTCG • How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA? • TGTCACG • GUGACAU • UGUCACG • CACUGUA • 17. Semi-conservative replication of DNA refers to the idea that • DNA molecules need to unwind before duplication begins. • Each new DNA molecule contains tow new single RNA strands • The two strands of DNA molecules run in opposite directions • Each half of the original DNA molecule is joined with a new complementary DNA strand.

19. Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis QUIZ • 7. The statements below are steps in the process of protein synthesis. Put the letters representing each statement in the correct order, from start • to finish. • mRNA moves along the ribosome so the next anticodon is paired with its codon • mRNA moves out of the nucleus to a ribosome • tRNA brings an amino acid in the cytoplasm to the codon on the ribosome • mRNA is released at a “stop” codon when the amino acid chain is complete • 4. In the RNA molecule, the nitrogen base adenine is always complementary to what other nitrogen base? • a. Cytosine • Guanine • Thymine • Uracil • 5. In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must travel to the • a. ribosomes • b. lac operon • c. RNA polymerase • d. heterochromatin • 6. During translation in eukaryotes, anticodons • Never bind to the mRNA codons. • Assist in the assembly of fats • Consist of a five-nucleotide sequence at one end of th transfer RNA molecule • Ensure that each amino acid is delivered in the proper order by binding to a codon on mRNA. • What do the boxed chromosomes represent? • A base pair of DNA • Fertilization of gametes • Anaphase of mitosis • Homologous chromosomes • Which occurs in meiosis but not mitosis? • Random chromosome segregation • Formation of haploid cells • Crossing over • All of these • 3. What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? • Offspring are identical to parents • Sexual reproduction happens more rapidly • Genetic variation increases • Sexual reproduction often produces more offspring • A, B, C, D • B, A, D, C • B, C, A, D • C, A, B, D

20. Genetics • -genotype • -what • - example • - Allele • -What • -Example • Punnett Squares • Cross • Parent • Offspring • Dihybrid • Law of segregation • Law of independent assortment • Sex-linked traits Genetics: - homozygous - what - example - heterozygous - what - example - dominant - what - example - recessive - what - example - phenotype - what - example • Genetic Engineering • Recombinant DNA • Benefits

21. Genetics Practice Questions • 1. If a corn plant has a genotype of Ttyy, what are the possible genetic combinations that could be present in a single grain of pollen from this plant? • a. Ty, ty • b.TY, ty • c. TY, Ty, ty • d. Ty, ty, tY, TY • 2. Based only on sex chromosomes in typical human egg and sperm cells at fertilization, the probability of producing a female is? • a. 25% • b. 50% • c. 75% • d. 90% • 3. In fruit flies, the gene fro red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)? • RR only • rr only • Rr and rr only • RR, Rr, and rr only • 4. In certain breeds of dogs, deafness is due to a recessive allele (d) of a particular gene, and normal hearing is due to its dominant allele (D). What percentage of the offspring of a normal heterozygous (Dd) dog and a deaf dog (dd) would be expected to have normal hearing? • 0% • 25% • 50% • 100% • 5. Fur color in cats is controlled by an autosomal gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B), or the recessive form, (b). The length of the cat’s fur is controlled by another autosomal gene that occurs in the dominant form (S), or the recessive form (s). The table below shows the traits for these allele codes. • Gene Trait • B black fur • b white fur • S short hair • s long hair • The following genotypes were found in a male cat and a female cat. • BbSs (male) bbSS (female) • Which one of the following choices is true of the phenotype of offspring from these parents? • All offspring have black fur • All offspring will have white fur • All offspring will have long hair • All offspring will have short hair

22. Genetics Practice Questions • If a human baby boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother, in which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele? • The baby inherits the dominant allele from the mother • The allele is on an autosomal chromosome and the baby is a twin • The allele is on the X chromosome • The allele is on the Y chromosome • 2. The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants, and a portion of its DNA is inserted into the plant’s chromosomes. This causes the plant to produce gall cells, which manufacture amino acids that the bacterium uses as food. This process is a natural example of • Polyploidy • Genetic manipulation • Grafting • hybridization • 3. Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect was produced by: • Mixing foreign genes into the milk • Injecting foreign genes into the goats udders • Inserting foreign genes into the fertilized goat eggs • Genetically modifying the nutritional needs of the goats’ offspring.

23. Genetics Quiz 4 • An allele that appears only when the dominant allele is absent (not there) is called: • Heterozygous • Homozygygous • Dominant • Recessive • If a parent homozygous dominant for a traits is crossed with a parent that is homozygous recessive for that trait what would be the probability that their offspring would be homozygous recessive? • 0% • 25% • 50% • 100% • The combining of DNA from 2 different organisms is called: • Gel electrophoresis • Polymerase chain reaction • Recombinant DNA • Selective breeding • What factor determines the sex of an individual? • The female egg’s X chromosome • The male sperms X or Y chromosome • Both the male and female gametes’ chromosomes • None of these • 2. What causes some traits to occur most often in males? • Heterozygous alleless • Homozygous alleles • Incomplete dominance • Sex-linked traits • 3. Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, colorblindness • Cannot be inherited • Occurs only in adults • Is sex-linked • None of the above • What is the general term for direct manipulation of genes? • Gene sequencing • Hybridization • Gene expression • Genetic engineering