PIA 2501

1. PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management

2. Quote of the Day Okot p’Bitek—Uganda novelist “Foreign ‘Experts’ and Peace Corps swarm the Country Like white Ants.” (Transition Magazine, 1966)

3. Author of the Week: Robert D. Kaplan Robert D. Kaplan (born 1952) is an Americanjournalist, currently an editor for the Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been featured in The Washington Post, The New York Times, The New Republic, The National Interest, and The Wall Street Journal, among other newspapers and publications, and his more controversial essays about the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in academia, the media, and the highest levels of government. A frequent theme in his work is the reemergence of cultural and historical tensions temporarily suspended during the Cold War. He has traveled to and reported on more than 80 countries. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4. The Nature of the Debate THE NATURE OF THE DEBATE

5. Development as a Concept: The Problem The industrialized countries, which accounted for 40 percent of the world's population after World War II, now account for only 20 percent, though they earn 85 percent of the world's income.

6. At Issue: In the coming decades, the industrialized world is expected to make up only 12 to 15 percent of the planetary population, as 90 to 95 percent of all births take place in the poorest countries. “I [see] around the world-poverty, the collapse of cities, porous borders, cultural and racial strife, growing economic disparities, weakening nation-states--We are not in control...” (Robert Kaplan)

7. Development as a Concept: The Controversy “some nations, including the United States, may be retreating into a fortress like nationalism…” - Robert Kaplan, “Ends of the Earth” argument

8. Development as a Concept: The Image Robert Kaplan’s view: Economic and social development is “generally cruel, painful, violent, and uneven…”

9. The Ends of the Earth Argument Certain countries are separating and being separated from the world economy. • Most of Africa except Egypt and South Africa • Cambodia • Parts of Indian sub-continent- Burma, Sri Lanka- Central Asia • Parts of South East Asia • Parts of Central/South America the Balkans follows

10. Reference Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Random House: 1996).

11. Picard’s Perspective • History is Important • Culture Defines Choices • Start with empirical reality and normative choices follow • Regional Analysis is Important

12. How Did We Get to this Point? • Historical Structures • Overseas colonial structures, land-based colonialism, post-colonial society • Problems of Defining Development and Modernization Theory • Colonial Underdevelopment Argument

13. Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, (1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society 1. “De Jure” overseas colonialism (Mercantilism Phase) • creation of external trade patterns and government expenditures directed toward the development of an export economy 2. “De Jure” colonialism: After 1856 • legal and internationally recognized formal control of government structures when trade, economic and governmental sectors of a society are formally or legally controlled by another country

14. Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial Society (1500-1950) “Old Colonialism” vs. “New Colonialism” (after 1920) 1. Early colonial development focused on infrastructure to support export and import trade 2. Human resource development was neglected 3. ideology of Free trade that masked a reality which developed markets for mother country goods and provided raw materials for industrial production 4. New Colonialism- Modernization and Westernization (1920-1950)

15. Control: The Colonial Prefect- World Wide • Named the district officer, magistrate, landrost, district commissioner, the commandant, the collector (Asia, Africa, Middle East, East Europe) • By contrast, administration was Functional in Spanish Latin America, Philippines, and in some Neo-Colonial systems—no prefect • Government expenditure was limited to the military and police prior to 1920s

16. Land Based Colonialism • Do the terms colonialism and underdevelopment work for Eastern Europe, the CIS, Central Asia and the Caucasus? • Administrative structures were similar to those of overseas colonialism • After 1989, These are often labeled “Transitional States”

17. Land Based Colonialism • Janine Wedel, in Collision and Collusion, raises two questions: • Are transitional states “developmental?” • Are they transitional? What does she mean?

18. De Facto Colonialism • No formal legal ties but in practice power relationships between colonial powers and puppet regimes • Thailand, Ethiopia, Persia, Nepal, the Arabian Peninsula, and Afghanistan, much of Latin America after the 1850s • Parallel between formal colonial systems and informal influence • Neo-colonialism after 1960

19. The End of Empire • Model of Japan prior to World War II (Toland Book) • Nationalism developed in the 1930s and 1940s throughout much of the colonial world including much of central and Eastern Europe. It had four variations.

20. Japan and the History of Development (Toland, The Rising Sun) • What was the Pre-War Japanese Government view of Colonialism in Asia? • Why is Japan Important in the development of nationalism in Africa and Asia? • For Further Reading: Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper Collins, 2000).

21. Nationalism and Development- “Five Minute History • Neo-Nationalism- Royalist Conservatism • Fascism • Socialism/Communism • Keynesianism • New Orthodoxy

22. Break Time TEN MINUTE BREAK

23. Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin America (1930s) • António de Oliveira Salazar (1932)- Overseas Territories • Peronism (Juan Peron: Argentina 1944) • Impact of the functions of government • Territorial Governors appointed by the President • The importance of Military control in regions -Spanish Military Governors called Presidencies

24. Neo-Nationalism in Latin America (1940s) • Patronage • Legalistic basis of governance in principle • Clientalist, class or mass based appeal, charisma • Community level political culture: “localismo” inward looking villages and communities

25. Further Reading on Latin America Kenneth J. Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito: The State and Regional Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Peter S. Cleaves, Bureaucratic Politics and Administration in Chile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974). Keith Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish America: An Interpretation (London: Geoge Allen, 1969) Jack Hopkins, (ed.) Latin America: Perspectives on a Region (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987). Howard J. Wiarda, Politics and social change in Latin America : still a distinct tradition? (Boulder : Westview Press, 1992).

26. Socialism and Fascism: WWII • Some have used the term “Totalitarianism” • Provided models for “Development” • Legacy of Imperial and Socialist Land Based Empires (Germany, Russia, Austria and Turkey) • Corporatist and Commandist Variations

27. Socialism and Fascism WWII • Dominant Nationalism • Absence of Renaissance • Multi-ethnicity and land based expansion • Revolutionary Transformation and Collapse in the 20th Century • Primacy of the Party under “Socialism” • Prefectoral Model of local state: Party Authority • Promoted a Mobilizing and social engineering model of state transformation

28. Communist Theory and Development • State Control • Social Engineering • Command Economy • Industrialization vs. Rural Transformation

29. The Western Development Model Keynesianism

30. Historical Character John Maynard Keynes

31. John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946 • British Economist who worked several years in the British India Office  • John Rapley: “Keynes had no problem with the market economy. He liked the machine but judged it to be in need of improvement if it was to operate well.”

32. John Maynard Keynes • His goal was to influence the market and not replace it • Influenced the U.S. New Deal and the thinking of the Labour Party in England • He had an important influence on the social democratic parties in Western Europe • His ideas suggested that European mixed economies could be replicated in LDCs

33. Keynesianism as Economic Principle • Government had a role in the management of the economy • KEY: Faith in the State

34. Keynesianism • Physical development (roads and dams) and Economic Growth • Physical and Mental Change or Social Development • Human Resource Development vs. Social and Economic Change • Proposed a Mixed Economy—public and private

35. The Development Era Decolonization after World War Two

36. End of Sea Based Colonialism Egypt- 1922 Dutch East Indies- 1944 (Indonesia) Philippines (1946) India- 1947 Israel-1948

37. From Middle Class Nationalism to Mass Movements • World War II led to the collapse of over seas empires • Begins Japanese imperialism and Asian nationalism • The Atlantic Treaty and self-determinism • Two patterns: • Gandhi and non-violence and • Sukarno, Ho Chi Minh and violent resistance or revolution

38. Independence • Between 1945 and 1965 more than one hundred new states came into existence • Kwame Nkrumah “Seek ye first the Political Kingdom” • implication was that economic development would follow

39. The “Development Era” 1948-1989 • In the 1940s and 1950s there was a rhetoric of Nationalism through out the World • Political Change (Nationalism in the Middle East, and Latin America) and Independence (Caribbean, Africa, and Asia (1960s-1970s) • Transformation in Eastern Europe and the CIS (1980s)

40. AUTHOR OF THE DAY • Kathleen Staudt • Kathleen Staudt: Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines (1966-1968) Researcher in Kenya- 1970s • Is there a grass-roots perspective? • Why or Why not?

41. AUTHORS’ Themes • John Rapley- Keynesian • Jennifer Brinkerhoff- Public-Private Partnerships- The use of Grants • Pressman and Wildavsky- Implementation: Why plans do not become reality (Oakland, California)

42. NEXT WEEK The Nature of the Debate: Theories

43. Discussion- Next Week • Paul Theroux • Robert Chambers • George Orwell

44. The Nature of the Debate Issues and Questions