Nouns and Pronouns

1. Nouns and Pronouns

2. Noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea. • Things—camera, cheetah, desk • Persons—tourists, photographers, Chris • Ideas—Surprise, suddenness, happiness • Places—Game Preserve, Kenya, lake, city

3. Common or Proper? • Common • General name for a person, place or thing • Usually not capitalized • Examples: river, mountain, pilot • Proper • Particular person, place, thing or idea • ALWAYS capitalized • Examples: Nile, Mt. Kenya, Charles Lindbergh

4. Concrete or Abstract • Concrete nouns name something that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched or tasted • Shoe, car, perfume, thorn • Abstract nouns names an idea, quality, or characteristic • Simplicity, beauty, truth, intention

5. Singular or Plural • Singular—map, berry deer, mouse • Plural • Maps, berries, deer, mice

6. Every noun is either common or proper, concrete or abstract, and singular or plural.

7. Collective Nouns • Refers to a group of people or things • Even when a collective noun is singular in form it still refers to a group of individuals. • Examples: herd, family, school, crew, team and staff • The herd (unit) runs away as we get close • The herd (individuals) find hiding places in the brush

8. Compound Nouns • Formed from two or more words. Some are written as single words, some are hyphenated and some as separate. • One word: toothbrush, backpack, watermelon • Hyphenated word: self-knowledge, sister-in-law • Separate word: duffel bag, South Carolina, TajMahal.

9. Possessive Noun • Shows ownership, leadership or relationship. • Use apostrophes • Ownership—The tourist's passport • Relationship—The tourist’s companion

10. Pronouns

11. Pronouns • Used in place of a noun or another pronoun. • The word that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent • Malcolm and Hal shared a sandwich. They munched on it.

12. Forms of personal pronouns

13. Possessive Pronouns • Show ownership or relationship. • In the chart the possessive pronouns are in parentheses • Hal almost left hisbackpack on the bus

14. Intensive Pronouns • Used to emphasize a noun or pronoun that appears in the same sentence • The merchants themselves enjoy sampling the goods.

15. Reflexive Pronouns • Reflects or represents the subject of the sentence or clause in which it appears • June treats herself to a stroll through Chinese food markets

16. Reflexive and Intensive pronouns are formed by adding –self or –selves to forms of personal pronouns

17. Demonstrative Pronouns • Point out specific persons, places, things or ideas. • Indicate whether the things you are referring to is relatively nearby (in space or time) or farther away. • THIS, THESE, THAT & THOSE • The merchant tells June, “My oranges are better than those in the other stall.”

18. Indefinite Pronouns • Refer to persons, places, things and ideas that are not specifically identified. • Do not usually have antecedents • Everyone in the market radiates energy Some examples: Another, Each, Either, Everybody, Nobody, No One, Somebody, Someone, Both, Few, Several, All, Any, Most, More

19. Interrogative Pronouns • Introduces a question • WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, WHAT • Who would believe the crowds and excitement?

20. Relative Pronouns • Introduces a noun clause or an adjective clause; it connects an adjective clause to the work or words it modifies • WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, THAT • The merchants, who are eager for sales, shout to customers.