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Evidence-Based Laparoscopic Surgery For Colorectal Cancer

Evidence-Based Laparoscopic Surgery For Colorectal Cancer. Ahmed M. Hussein, DrCh, PhD Professor of Colon & Rectal Surgery University of Alexandria, EGYPT. Pain  Postop. Ileus  Adhesions  Incisional hernias  Epithelial progenitor cell mobilization . Cosmesis 

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Evidence-Based Laparoscopic Surgery For Colorectal Cancer

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  1. Evidence-Based Laparoscopic Surgery For Colorectal Cancer Ahmed M. Hussein, DrCh, PhD Professor of Colon & Rectal Surgery University of Alexandria, EGYPT

  2. Pain  Postop. Ileus  Adhesions  Incisional hernias  Epithelial progenitor cell mobilization  Cosmesis  Reconvalescence  Respiratory function  Immune function  Pro Minimal Invasive Surgery

  3. GastroIntestinal QOL - Index n = 30 Chir Gastroenterol 2001; 17(suppl 2) : 34 - 38.

  4. Issues under Discussion • Immune response ? • Tumor cell mobilization ? • Port-site metastasis ? • Technical feasibility ? • Oncologic radicality ?

  5. Immune Function After Laparoscopic Surgery • Lap Surgery diminishes • Tissue damage • Degree of activation of pro-inflamatory cytokines • Leucocytosis & neutrophilia • No difference in phagocytic or enzymatic activities of neutrophils Hussein et al., Med Sci Res 1997

  6. Immune Function After Laparoscopic Surgery (RCT)

  7. Is immune response positively influenced by laparoscopic surgery? • Reduction of trauma • Less immunosuppression ? • Impact on prognosis ?

  8. Laparoscopy in CRC New aspects in the future? Percent of endothelial progenitor cells in the bone marrow Percent of endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood Condon ET et al, Surg Endosc 2007

  9. Port–site Metastasis

  10. Port-site Metastasis?

  11. Port-site Metastasis: What is reality in 2007? • Actual rate of port-site metastasis is much lower than initially reported (<1%) • No difference to wound recurrence after laparotomy • Influence of the learning curve • => Surgeon is the causative factor

  12. Principals of Colorectal Surgery • Identification of the ureter • Protection of the autonomic nerves • Ligature of the supplying vessels • Lymphadenectomy • Intraabdominal mobilization and resection Laparoscopic = Open surgery

  13. Tumor Localization

  14. Identification of Anatomy

  15. Protection of Autonomic Nerves

  16. Ligation of IMV

  17. Ligation of IMA

  18. Resection

  19. Anastomosis

  20. Laparoscopic Surgery for CRC Oncologic Radicality ?

  21. “..I never once had a patient ask me about the size of the incision, but rather, what are the chances of survival ?” Prof. Henri Bismuth Paris

  22. Clinical Question • Can laparoscopic surgery be recommended as an alternative to conventional open surgery for patients with curable colorectal cancer based on a comparison of outcomes? • Primary outcomes: • Survival • Recurrence • Adverse event rates • Secondary outcomes: • Operating time • Hospital stay

  23. Lacy et al. Lancet 2002;359: 2224-9.

  24. CLASSIC-Study (Great Britain) • LS vs. OS for CRC n=794 • OR time increased • Shorter hospital stay • Comparable QOL • Mortality & oncologic outcome comparable Guillou, Lancet 2005

  25. COLOR-Study (Europe) • LS vs. OS for CRC n=1248 • OR time increased • Shorter hospital stay • Faster oral nutrition • Less postoperative pain • Mortality & oncologic outcome comparable Lancet Oncol 2005

  26. COST Study Group (USA) • LS vs. OS for CRC n=872 median FU 4.1 yrs • Comparable local recurrence rate • OR time increased • Shorter hospital stay • Faster oral nutrition • Comparable QOL • Mortality & oncologic outcome comparable N Engl J Med 2004

  27. Meta-analysis Survival Recurrence Cancer Care Ontario (CCO); 2005

  28. Meta-analysis(12 RCTs) • LS vs. OS for CRC n=2512 • OR time increased • Postop. Ileus, analgesics, reconvalescence & hospital stay decreased • Less impairment of pulmonary function • Complications decreased (wound infection) • Mortality & oncologic outcome comparable Abraham et al., Br J Surg 2004

  29. Meta-analysis (26 RCTs) Mortality Anastomotic Leakage Morbidity Böhm, Chir Allg, 2007

  30. Meta-analysis (26 RCTs) OR - Time Bowel Movement Hospital Stay Böhm, Chir Allg, 2007

  31. Lymph Node Harvest RCT: LC vs. OC

  32. Laparoscopic TME for Rectal Cancer

  33. Laparoscopic TME for Rectal Cancer

  34. Laparoscopic TME for Rectal Cancer

  35. Laparoscopic TME for Rectal Cancer

  36. TME: Laparoscopic vs. Open 48 studies, 4224 Pts 33 prospective studies 8 retrospective studies 7 not classified studies 33 patient series 15 cohort studies => Currently no prospective randomized studies Breukink, Cochrane Library, 2007

  37. TME: Laparoscopic vs. Open Oncological Results Advantages of laparoscopic TME: Blood loss, oral nutrition, postoperative pain and immune response No significant difference for: Disease-free survival, local recurrence, mortality, morbidity, resection margins, lymph node harvest, anastomotic leakage Breukink, Cochrane Library, 2007

  38. TME: Laparoscopic vs. Open Pathological Results => No significant difference for macroscopic and pathological quality Breukink, Surg Endosc, 2005

  39. Laparoscopic TME for Rectal Cancer • No differences in oncologic radicality (specimen length, radial margins, No. lymph node) • Lap. TME provides adequate survival & recurrence • Lap. APR with TME does not compromise cancer-specific prognosis outcome Hartley et al., DCR 2002 Poulin et al., Surg Endosc 2002 Baker et al., DCR 2002

  40. Laparoscopic Surgery for CRC Summary & Conclusions • Laparoscopy • Reduction of trauma • Patients` comfort • For Colon Cancer: • Laparoscopic surgery adequate (Ia level evidence) • For Rectal Cancer: • Randomized multicenter studies missing

  41. ASCRS & SAGES Position Statement: Lap Colectomy for Curable Colon Cancer • Laparoscopic colectomy for curable cancer results in equivalent cancer related survival to open colectomy when performed by experienced surgeons • Adherence to standard cancer resection techniques including but not limited to: • Complete exploration of the abdomen • Adequate proximal and distal margins • Ligation of the major vessels at their respective origins • Containment & careful tissue handling • En bloc resection with negative tumor margins The COST Study Group. N Engl J Med 2004 Endorsed by SAGES

  42. ASCRS & SAGES Position Statement: Lap Proctectomy for Curable Rectal Cancer • ASCRS & SAGES recognize that laparoscopic proctectomy may be an alternative to traditional resection of benign disease involving the rectum • The absence of five-year survival data makes it premature to endorse laparoscopic proctectomy for curable cancer Guidelines for Laparoscopic Resection of Curable Colon and Rectal Cancer. SAGES publication #32 ASCRS Practice Parameters for the Management of Rectal Cancer (Revised). Dis Colon Rectum 2005

  43. Professional Practice Question • What is the recommended experience & training for surgeons who perform laparoscopic surgeries for CRC?

  44. Lap Colectomy for Curable Colon Cancer • COST* trial, pre-requisite experience • At least 20 laparoscopic colorectal resections with anastomosis for benign disease or metastatic colon cancer before using the technique to treat curable cancer • Hospitals credentials for lap colectomy for cancer based on: • Experience gained by formal graduate medical educational training • Advanced laparoscopic experience • Participation in hands-on training courses • Outcomes * The COST Study Group. N Engl J Med 2004 Endorsed by SAGES

  45. Lap Proctectomy for Curable Rectal Cancer • It is only appropriate to perform laparoscopic proctectomy for curable cancer in an environment where the outcomes can be meaningfully evaluated • The ASCRS & SAGES consider laparoscopic proctectomy to be within the expertise of trained surgeons who focus on the treatment of rectal cancer Guidelines for Laparoscopic Resection of Curable Colon and Rectal Cancer. SAGES publication #32 ASCRS Practice Parameters for the Management of Rectal Cancer (Revised). Dis Colon Rectum 2005

  46. Institutional Question • What are the recommended criteria for institutions performing laparoscopic surgeries for cancer of the colon?

  47. Institutional Recommendations • LCCSEP recommendationsall eligible institutions should show a commitment to advanced laparoscopic surgery by providing • Appropriate equipment • Operating room time • Human resources • Developing a team approach • Optimal results in laparoscopic surgery for CRC depend on a commitment to appropriate equipment & resources

  48. Thank You for Your Kind Attention

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