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Paragraph Structure. To tell a clear story in a paragraph. The ideas in the paragraph must be organized . The continuity that is, the relationship between ideas, must be clear. Important ideas must be emphasized. Overview first, then details.
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To tell a clear story in a paragraph • The ideas in the paragraph must be organized. • The continuity that is, the relationship between ideas, must be clear. • Important ideas must be emphasized.
Overview first, then details • A paragraph is a number of sentence on a single topic. • Goal: to make the message of this topic clear. • Write a topic sentence.
Topic sentence • A sentence states the topic or the message of the paragraph. • To make the statement strong: use a verb + subject and completer. • Place at the beginning or end of the paragraph. • Make it short and simple.
Some common patterns of organization for paragraphs • Most to least important • Least to most important • Announced order • Pro-con • Funnel • Chronological order • Problem-solution • Solution-problem
No missing steps Not all the readers have scientific framework in their head
Continuity • Repeating key terms • Using transitions to indicate relationships between ideas • Keeping consistent order • Keeping a consistent point of view • Putting parallel ideas in parallel form • Signaling the subtopic of a paragraph
Repeating key terms • Terms that name important ideas in a paper • Technical terms: “G-protein” or metogenesis”, or non-technical terms: “increase” or “function”. • Repeating key term through out a paper is the strongest technique for providing continuity.
For accuracy Sometimes changing key terms can make the meaning scientifically inaccurate concentration binding
To avoid noise Sometimes changing key term may not be unclear or inaccurate, but just creates “noise” synthesis
Key terms • Do not use one key term for two meanings. • Repeat key terms early in the sentence. • Repeat key term as an aspect of the subject.
Do not use one key term for two meanings • Example 3.11 ….reduction of reduced glutathion…. decreasing deoxidized
Repeat key terms early in the sentence • Example 3.12: Digitalis increases the contractility of the mammalian heart. Changes in the calcium flux through the muscle cell membrane cause this increased contractility. • Revision: Digitalis increases the contractility of the mammalian heart. This increased contractility result from changes in the calcium flux through the muscle cell membrane.
Repeat key term as an aspect of the subject New subject
Link key terms • Place the definition either right before or right after the term to be defined. • Set off the item in the after position by commas. • Check that the definition repeats a key term from the pervious sentences or prepares for a key term in the next sentence
Exp16: The v-erbB gene is related to the neu oncogene. Both oncogene have…. • The v-erbB gene, an oncogene of the avian virus, is related to the neu oncogene. Both oncogenes have… • The v-erbB oncogene is related to the neu oncogene. Both oncogene have….
Link a category term to a specific term Specific term Category term
Link a category term to a specific term 8 markers of hemostasis: Specific term Category term
Summary • Repeat key terms exactly • Repeat key term early in the sentence • Link key terms
Using transitions to indicate relationships • You must help reader to understand • What each sentence says • Why the you write each sentence • Why at this point in the paragraph • How dose the sentence related to the story
Transition words • Terms that indicate logical relationships between ideas. • Conclusion: therefore, thus, in summary • Example: for example, such as • Sequence: first, second, last • Addition: in addition, furthermore • Contrast/difference: in contrast, on the other had, however • Reason: because, in this theory
The 2nd sentence gives the next step “Then” implies the next step
The 2nd sentence explains how the microspheres were prepared “In brief” implies an explanation
Hard to tell No transition words
Prepositional phase • Good way to connect sentences • Preposition itself indicates a logical relationship (in, on..) • The object of the preposition phase complete the logic (in this theory) • Can repeat the key terms • Keep it short and simple!!
Exp 22: Our aim was to assess the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of hydralazine on ventricular function in patients who have chronic aortic insufficiency. For this assessment, we did a radionuclide study of ventricular function in 15 patients at rest and during exercise. • Exp 23: Tyson abruptly occluded the venae cavae before analyzing the heart beats. As the result of this occlusion, the volume of the right heart rapidly increased.
Infinitive phrase • A transition phase could also be a infinitive phase (To V) • Exp 24: The effect of intra-arterial pressure gradients on steady-state circumflex pressure-flow relations derived during long diastoles were examined in five dogs. To obtain each pressure-flow point, we first set mean circumflex pressure to the desired level and then arrested the heart by turning off the pacemaker.
