GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS

1. GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS EMP PATHWAY— ANOTHER NAME FOR GLYCOLYSIS

2. A UNIVERSAL PATHWAY YIELDS 2ATPS [NET] THROUGH SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION OCCURS IN CYTOSOL ANAEROBIC GLUCOSE + ATP IN THE PRESCENCE OF GLUCOKINASE= GLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE-6 PHOSPHATE +ATP= FRUCTOSE 1,6 DIPHOSPATE 2 PGAL- - ->2 PEP- 2 PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES GLYCOLYSIS

3. FATE OF PYRUVIC ACID • UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS IT IS FERMENTED • IN HUMANS IT BECOMES LACTIC ACID • IN YEAST IT BECOMES ETOH + CO2

4. TRANSITION REACTIONAN AEROBIC REACTION • CO ENZYME A [CO A] PUTS ONE CARBON ON TO O2 TO FORM CO2, PICKS UP 2 CARBONS FROM PYRUVIC ACID AND BECOMES ACETYL-CO ENZYME A [ACETYL CO A] WHICH CARRIES THE CARBONS WITH THE H AND ELECTRONS ATTACHED INTO THE MITOCHONDRIA INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE

5. NAD • NAD—NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE—A COENZYME-A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH PICKS UP H+ AND ELECTRONS AND CARRIES THEM INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM WHERE 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE FORMED • NIACIN – a “B VITAMIN” THAT IS NECESSARY FOR NAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

6. FAD • FAD—FLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE — A COENZYME A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH CARRIES H+ AND ELECTRONS INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM YIELDING 2 ATP MOLECULES • RIBOFLAVIN-A “B VITAMIN” WHICH MUST BE PRESENT FOR FAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

7. KREB’S CYCLEAN AEROBIC REACTION • TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE AND CITRIC ACID CYCLE [OTHER NAMES] • OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION • 3 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS • CITRIC ACID [6 C] • ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID [5 C] • OXALOACETIC ACID [4 C]

8. KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED • FOR EACH TURN OF THE CYCLE THERE ARE • 3 NADHs FORMED • 1 FADH2 FORMED • 2 CO2 FORMED • 1 ATP • HEAT

9. CYTACHROME SYSTEM RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPOSED OF A SERIES OF OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS [ReDox] FINAL PHASE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN WHICH NADH AND FADH2 ARE OXIDIZED WITH THEIR ELECTRONS BEING PASSED ALONG THE CHAIN ELECTRON TRANSPORTSYSTEMAN AEROBIC REACTION

10. IF NADH BRINGS THE ELECTRONS AND HYDROGENS INTO THE SYSTEM THEN 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE MADE USING THE ATP-SYNTHASE MOLECULE [CF 1 OR F1 PARTICLE] WHEN FADH2 BRINGS THE H+ AND ELECTRONS THEN ONLY 2 ATP MOLECULES ARE MADE THE LAST 2 COMPOUNDS, CYTACHROME A AND CYTOACHROME A3 ACT AS THE ENZYME CYTACHROME OXIDASE—THEY PLACE ELECTRONS AND 2 HYDROGENS ON TO OXYGEN TO FORM THE WASTE PRODUCT WATER ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM CONTINUED

11. WASTE PRODUCTS • ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM • WATER [H2O] • KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE OR TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE • CARBON DIOXIDE [CO2]

12. FATTY ACIDS DISSOLVE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE UNDERGO BETAOXIDATION FORM INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS WHICH CAN LEAVE THE CELL AND LOWER THE pH Keto acids =Acetone, acetoacetic acid, betahydroxybutyric acid AMINO ACIDS ENTER BY PINOCYTOSIS ARE DEAMINATED NH2 REMOVED AND CHANGED TO UREA FORM THE SAME INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS AS FATTY ACIDS DO BOTH FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS CAN ENTER THE KREB’S CYCLE THROUGH ACETYL CO A FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS ENTERING THE KREB’S CYCLE

13. GLYCOLYSIS-OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM TRANSITION REACTION-STARTS IN CYTOPLASM ENDS IN THE MITOCHONDRION KREB’S CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE OF THE MITOCHONDRION SUMMARY 1

14. GLYCOLYSIS —2 ATPS NO OXYGEN USED TRANSITION REACTION [T R]— IF OXYGEN USED 2 CARBONS GO INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE T R CONTINUED AND NAD OR FAD CARRY Electrons AND HYDROGEN INTO THE ETS IF NO OXYGEN USED FERMENTATION OCCURS SUMMARY 2

15. SUMMARY 3 • KREB’S CYCLE [CITRIC ACID CYCLE] • A 2-CARBON CPD IS ATTACHED TO A 4-CARBON CPD TO FORM CITRIC ACID • 3 TURNS TO MAKE 1 PGAL [A 3-CARBON CPD] • OXYGEN IS USED • ATP IS MADE • CO2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT

16. SUMMARY 4 • ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM [OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE] • A SERIES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS [GIVING UP ELECTRONS AND TAKING ON ELECTRONS.] • IF NAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS THEN 3 ATPS ARE MADE • IF FAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS ONLY 2 ATPS ARE MADE • THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS OXYGEN WHICH THEN COMBINES WITH 2 HYDROGENS TO MAKE WATER [H2O]