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Antonie J. (Ton) van den Bogert Mechanical Engineering Cleveland State University

Explore laboratory techniques for human motion measurement, including camera-based motion capture, force plates, balance testing, and strength testing. Learn about the history of motion capture and recent developments in markerless motion capture and IMU data processing.

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Antonie J. (Ton) van den Bogert Mechanical Engineering Cleveland State University

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  1. Measurements and Signal processing (part 2) MCE 493/593 & ECE 492/592 Prosthesis Design and Control September 30, 2014 Antonie J. (Ton) van den Bogert Mechanical Engineering Cleveland State University

  2. Today • Laboratory techniques for human motion • Camera-based motion capture • Force plates& instrumented treadmills • Balance testing • Strength testing • Lab tour • 7:20 PM • FH 269

  3. History of motion capture • Muybridge, 1870s • multiple cameras, 2D • Marey, 1870s • strobe lights as markers • Braune & Fischer, 1895 • strobe lights, 3D

  4. Distance-based measurement • Measure distance to three (or more) sources • solve XYZ from 3 nonlinear equations with 3 unknowns • GPS • resolution insufficient for human motion • Ultrasound • www.zebris.de

  5. Active marker systems • Markers are LEDs • flashing sequentially • Camera • projects marker on image plane or line • Most common: three 1-D cameras in one box • high resolution • high frame rate • markers must be seen from box Optotrak Codamotion (no lenses!)

  6. Passive marker systems • All markers visible • 2D cameras • 16 mm film, analog video • manually digitized • Digital video cameras • reflective markers • infrared strobe lights • high contrast, thresholding • 2D marker centroid coordinates • combined into XYZ of markers • Vicon, Motion Analysis, Qualisys

  7. z y x 3D measurement requires at least two (2D) cameras 3-D space v u • Two cameras: • u,v are measured in each camera • Solve x,y,z from 4 equations • More cameras: • better accuracy • less chance of marker loss lens image plane camera model: DLT (direct linear transformation) a1…a11 are calibration constants (different for each camera)

  8. Capture Lab at Electronic Arts: 132 Vicon cameras Fenn Hall 269: 10 Motion Analysis cameras

  9. Recent developments • Markerless motion capture • Improved IMU data processing • IMU combined with range sensor • www.xsens.com • Microsoft Kinect • Optical, camera-based measurement with markers is still the “gold standard” for human motion labs • still very expensive

  10. Camera-based motion capture in 2D markers assumed to stay in XY plane y x v lens u camera image plane parallel to XY plane Camera model: Camera parameters: S: scale factor (meters per pixel) θ: angle between X-axis and U-axis uO,vO: image coordinates of XY origin determined by imaging a rod of known length, one end at origin, aligned with X-axis

  11. Matlab code for measuring U,V from video movie = VideoReader(‘testfile.avi'); % load the video file nframes = movie.NumberOfFrames; height = movie.Height; npoints = 10; % how many points must be measured in each frame uvdata = []; % make a matrix to store the data % display each frame and measure U and V of all points for i = 1:nframes d = read(movie,i); % extract frame i from the movie image(d); % put the image on the screen disp(['Frame ',num2str(i),':']); disp(['Click on ',num2str(npoints),' points']); disp('Click to the left of the image to stop.') g = ginput(npoints); % collect data until user has clicked on all points if (min(g(:,1)) < 0) % if any point had a negative U-coordinate, stop break end disp('Done') g(:,2) = height - g(:,2); % invert V coordinates so V-axis will point upward uvdata= [uvdata; reshape(g’, 1, 2*npoints)];% add a row to the data matrix end

  12. Clinical Orthopaedics andRelated Research, 1983 • Techniques used: • 16 mm film at 50 frames per second • camera car alongside walking subject • markers on wall behind subject for calibration • Numonics Digitizer & microcomputer • IBM 370 for processing • about 2 mm random error in coordinates • 5 Hz low pass filter

  13. Angle measurement Two markers on a body segment  segment angle Joint angle = difference between two segment angles Matlab: theta21 = atan2(y1-y2, x1-x2); theta43 = atan2(y3-y4, x3-x4); theta_knee = theta21 – theta43; • atanwould give results between –π/2 and π/2, requires extra “if-then” logic • atan2 function gives results between –π and π, can represent full range of rotation • use “unwrap” function on time series if angle jumps between –π and π • If you use Excel: Winter, 3rd Edition, Fig. 2.31

  14. Some real data 1: RGTRO right greater trochanter Y 2,3: RLEK right lateral epicondyle of the knee 4: RLM right lateral malleolus X theta21 = atan2(y1-y2, x1-x2); theta43 = atan2(y3-y4, x3-x4); theta_knee = theta21 – theta43; What is the knee angle at time = 2959.594329? theta21 = atan2(0.90533-0.51603, -0.19465-0.01730) theta43 = atan2(0.51603-0.12862, 0.01730--0.09302) theta_knee = theta21 - theta43

  15. Force plate AMTI • Measures ground reaction forces • rigid plate supported by four (or three) 3D force sensors • main vendors: Kistler, AMTI, Bertec • measures 6 variables: resultant 3D force (Fx,Fy,Fz) and moment (Mx,My,Mz) on the axes of the force plate • also available as instrumented treadmill • http://www.kwon3d.com/theory/grf.html Fxyz, Mxyz forces acting on foot forces in load cells force and torque acting at center of pressure (COP) Equivalent force systems: (b) = (c) = (d) Fz,Mz Fx,Mx Fy,My

  16. Resultant 3D force and moment from four load cells • 3D force F, applied at r, is equivalent to a 3D force F applied at the origin, plus a 3D moment M = r x F • Resultant of all four:

  17. COP (center of pressure) representation • 3D force F is assumed at COP rather than origin • Definition of COP (x,y) • z=0 and Mx=My=0 at COP (zero moment point) • Remaining moment Tz about vertical axis • “free moment” • still 6 variables

  18. DIY GRF measurement(and save $50,000) Brodt et al. (2013) Instrumented foot bar for Pilates exercise XXIV ISB Congress, Natal, Brazil

  19. Simple force plate FORCE • Vertical force only • Three points of support (no static indeterminacy) • Gives accurate COP in certain conditions (Zsensor * Fx << My and Zsensor * Fy << Mx) Zsensor

  20. Instrumented treadmills • Treadmill frame sits on three or four 3-axis load cells • must be stiff and light • Separate belts for left and right • Very good for clinical research • each step is a measurement • speed can be controlled or self-paced • weight support is possible • Prosthetics research • controlled speed • prosthetic device can be tethered to power supply and computer ADAL treadmill at Cleveland VA Medical Center

  21. Strength testing Maximal isometric torque Cybex Kincom Speed dependent torque motor and torque sensor force from leg Isometric test: constant joint angle Isokinetic test: constant joint angular velocity lengthening (eccentric) muscle shortening (concentric)

  22. Balance testing (clinical) • Platform with controlled rotation • Built-in force plate (vertical force only?) • COP calculation • screening for risk of falling • balance training • knee injuries • concussion testing Biodex SD $12,500 http://youtu.be/cBBlTYMulsE

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