1 / 40

AKS 42: ABSoLUTISM

AKS 42: ABSoLUTISM. ABSoLUTISM. I. Absolute Monarch : king or queen with unlimited; total control over people and government 1. believed in divine right – right to rule came from God; God’s representative on earth; therefore, the monarch answers only to God.

julianne-morin
Download Presentation

AKS 42: ABSoLUTISM

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. AKS 42: ABSoLUTISM

  2. ABSoLUTISM I. Absolute Monarch: king or queen with unlimited; total control over people and government1. believed in divine right – right to rule came from God; God’s representative on earth; therefore, the monarch answers only to God

  3. II. France - growing conflict between Catholics and Huguenots led to chaos • A. Henry of Navarre – Huguenot prince; became King in 1589; began the Bourbon dynasty • 1. Huguenot (French Protestant) - Converted to Catholic faith because Paris was Catholic • 2. Edict of Nantes – religious toleration- Protestants could live in peace in France; set up churches • 3. 1610 – assassinated; son Louis XIII becomes king – 10 years old FRANCE

  4. 4. Cardinal Richelieu – catholic advisor/minister to Louis; helped run France • a. Richelieu’s two main goals: • 1. increase the power of the Bourbon monarch • 2. make France the strongest state in Europe • 5. Louis XIII died in 1643; his son took over FRANCE Louis XIII (13th) Cardinal Richelieu

  5. Louis XIV – The Sun King: believed that, just like the sun, all power radiated from him • 1. Took over as king at four years old in 16432. Advised by Cardinal Mazarin until 1661 (Richelieu’s successor) FRANCE Cardinal Mazarin Louis XIV (14th)

  6. 3. Mazarin not well liked by the French people – led nobles to riot and threatened Louis’ life • a. Louis became determined to become so strong nobles could never again threaten him • 4. Centralized the French government; he had total control – “I am the state!” • a. used intendants – collected taxes; enforced laws • b. improved French economy • c. appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert as finance minister • d. cancelled the Edict of Nantes; caused riots in France • e. supported the arts FRANCE Jean Baptiste Colbert

  7. FRANCE • f. Versailles – lavish palace built outside of Paris • g. Bastille – prison in Paris; used to house political prisoners

  8. 5. Fought several wars to expand French power 6. War of Spanish Succession- to keep two most powerful European countries from uniting a. Spanish King Charles II died; left empire to Louis’ grandson Philip of Anjou b. Other countries felt threatened by Spanish-French alliance c. European countries declared war on Spain and France; lasted until 1714 d. Treaty of Utrecht: Louis’ grandson remains king of Spain, but the thrones of Spain and France were forbidden to unite 7. Louis died in 1715leaving both good and bad behind: a. positive legacy:France was very powerful, Ranked above other European nations in arts, literature, statesmanship, military leader in Europe, strong empire of colonies with resources and goods for trade b. negative legacy:constant warfare, excessive debt,resentment over tax burden, abuse of power FRANCE

  9. A. Separated from Western Europe • 1. Geographically – closed off from the rest of Europe; only one sea port which was iced over most of the year • 2. Religion – Russia was Eastern Orthodox • a. viewed Catholics and Protestants as heretics • 3. Ideas – Mongol rule had cut them off from the Renaissance and Age of Exploration • a. prior to Mongols, they had looked to Constantinople, not Rome, for leadership III. RUSSIA

  10. RUSSIA • B. Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) • 1. Became leader of Russia in 1533 • (3 years old) • 2.Boyars – landowning nobles of Russia; fought for control of Russia • 3.Ivan marries Anastasia Romanov; takes title of czar: Russian for “Caesar”- ruler • 4.After she dies, he becomes a tyrant and turns against the boyars • 5.1581 Kills his oldest son; when he dies a weaker son takes over

  11. 6. Time of Troubles – time with no Russian Ruler after Ivan’s second son died with no heir; boyars struggled for power and heirs of czars died under mysterious conditions • Eventually Michael Romanov, relative of Anastasia, is chosen as czar and Romanovs restore order to Russia paving the way for the absolute rule of Peter I RUSSIA

  12. RUSSIA C. Peter the Great 1. 1696 – becomes ruler of Russia while it’s still a land of boyars and serfs 2. 1697 – Grand Embassy – Peter visits Western Europe 3. Peter’s goals for Russia: Westernization – began trying to make Russia more like western Europe 4. Peter’s goals for the sake of his country: a. introduced potatoes b. raised women’s status by having them attend social gatherings c. advanced education by opening a school of navigation and schools for arts and sciences

  13. Peter’s goals for the sake of his powera. brought Russian Orthodox church under state control and abolished office of patriarchb. reduced power of great landowners by giving lower status men land grantsc. modernized his army by hiring European officers • forced people to give up “backward customs;” believed the only was his people would change was if they were forced to • EDUCATION:what Peter believed was the key to Russia’s progress • 8. Fought Sweden to get a warm water port on the Baltic coast and built a new capital called St. Petersburg RUSSIA

  14. IV. England: Absolute rulers in England were overthrown • A. Queen Elizabeth I • 1. Daughter of Henry VIII • 2. “Virgin Queen” – never married • 3. Died with no heir to the throne of England • B. James I (James Stuart)– King of Scotland • 1. Nearest relative to Elizabeth (cousin); becomes King of England in 1603 • 2. Did not understand English politics or customs -TROUBLE • 3. Argued with Parliament over three issues: Religion, politics, money • a. Puritans – wanted to “purify” Church of England; James would not listen to them • b.Proposed alliance with Spain upset many in Parliament • c. Inherited financial mess from Elizabeth - wanted to • raise taxes • 4. Did agree to sponsor a new translation of the Bible – King James Version • 5. Died in 1625 – his son, Charles I take over ENGLAND

  15. C. Charles I • 1. Constantly wanted money for wars; Parliament began refusing to give it to him • 2. Parliament finally agreed to give him money if he signed the Petition of Right • a. King could not imprison anyone without reason b. King could not raise taxes without Parliament agreeing c. King could not house soldiers in private homes d. King could not impose martial law during peace time • 3. Charles agreed, got the money, then ignored the Petition of Right • 4. Leads to English Civil War ENGLAND

  16. D. English Civil War 1642 – 1649 supporters of Parliament vs. supporters of the king • 1. Charles I offends Puritans, Scots threaten to invade, Charles needs money to fight2. Charles attacked Parliament to arrest its leaders; also upset Puritans3. Royalist/Cavaliers – supported the King 4. Roundheads – supported Parliament; Puritans on this side; led by Oliver Cromwell5. Roundheads capture Charles, put him on trial, and execute him6. Cromwell takes over England; creates a Commonwealth ENGLAND

  17. Bye-Bye Charles!

  18. E. The Commonwealth – supposed to be arepublican form of gov’t • 1. Cromwell abolished the monarchy and House of Lords and enacted the first written constitution of any modern European state • 2. Eventually Cromwell abandons the constitution and becomes a military dictator • 3. Invaded Ireland and gave their land to English soldiers • 4. Outlawed “sinful” activities like theater, dancing, and sports • 5. Also outlawed newspapers; religious toleration for all except Catholics • 6. Cromwell died in 1658; led to a Restoration of the monarchy ENGLAND

  19. F. The Restoration – return to monarchy • 1. Parliament re-elected; ask oldest son of Charles I to take over • 2. Reign of Charles II called the Restoration • 3. Habeas Corpus Act –passed by Parliament in 1679 • a. prisoners must be charged with a crime • b. prisoner must be brought before a judge and formally charged • c. prisoners could not be held without trials • 4. Charles II died in 1685; James II (Catholic) took over ENGLAND

  20. James II • 5. James II violated English law by putting Catholics in government positionsa. Whigs: group who opposed James • b. Tories: group who supported King James • c. the Whigs and the Tories are the ancestors of political parties in England • 6. Parliament asked his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William, to take over • 7. Glorious Revolution: overthrow of James II by William and Mary without bloodshed ENGLAND William & Mary

  21. 8. William and Mary sign English Bill of Rights • a. King could not suspend Parliament • b. King could not levy taxes without consent from Parliament • c. King could not interfere with Freedom of Speech • d. King could not punish anyone who brought complaints to him • 9. England had now become a constitutional monarch – law limits the ruler’s power • Cabinet – group of officials who became link between King and Parliament • G. This system of governing still stands in England ENGLAND

  22. AKS 42b:ENLIGHTENMENT

  23. ENLIGHTENMENT: intellectual movement focusing on reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems (reached its height in the mid 1700s)A. also known as the Age of REASON

  24. Thomas Hobbes – English philosopher1. Witnessed English Civil War; convinced him that people would constantly fight without government2. People naturally wicked and selfish "of the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself"

  25. 3. 1651 – Leviathan (expressed views in this book)4. People and government must enter into a social contract: people give up freedoms and liberty to ruler to guarantee peace; absolute ruler is best5. People cannot rebel against the ruler “... the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. ... The condition of man ... is a condition of war of everyone against everyone.“(Hobbes, Leviathan)

  26. John Locke1. 1690 – Two Treatises on Government - written to defend the Glorious Revolution2. Agreed that government’s purpose was to keep peace3. Also saw government as a contract between ruler and people

  27. 4. Differences (between his view and Hobbes’ view)a. Thought people were basically reasonable and would cooperateb. Rulers could stay in power only as long as people wanted-criticized absolute monarchyc. If they became a tyrant, they broke the contractd. People have the right to rebel 5. Led to ideas of democracy a. People born with natural rights – life, liberty, property (pursuit of happiness) b. Purpose of government is to protect those rights c. Limited power – power from consent of the people – foundation of democracy6. Ideas become popular in France and America and lead to rebellion

  28. C. Philosophes – philosophers in France1. Believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life2. Core beliefs of philosophes: a. REASON b. nature c. happiness d. progress e. liberty3. Science and reason = human progress 4. Religious toleration – condemned religious wars; people have the right to believe as they wish5. End slavery – took away most basic rights6. End cruel and unusual punishment

  29. 1. Montesquieu – French noble class – studied governments • a. Impressed by English government • b. Protected liberty of people with three branches of government • c. Legislative – Parliament – made laws • d. Judicial – Courts – interpreted laws • e. Executive – King – enforced laws • f. Wrote The Spirit of Lawsi. “separation of powers” - keep any individual or group from getting too powerful ii. This idea later comes to be known as “checks and balances” D. Important Thinkers of the Time

  30. 2. Voltaire – French middle class • a. Wrote many books, plays, pamphlets • b. Taught common sense, religious toleration, and freedom of thought/speech • c. “I do not agree with what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.” • d. Studied Newton and Locke • e. Strong, enlightened rulers is best government; protected basic rights of the people D. Important Thinkers of the Time

  31. 3. Rousseau – Swiss, moved to France; poor; committed to individual freedom • a. Critic of others; disagreed with other Enlightenment thinkers on many issues • b. Human nature is basically good; society corrupts • c. Believed all are equal; ranks and nobility should be abolished • d. “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in • chains.” - civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness D. Important Thinkers of the Time

  32. 3e. The Social Contract (different than Hobbes) – people make contract with each other, not ruler, to create a society and government; majority rules • f. best government- direct democracy • g. Free from civilization, man is a “noble savage” D. Important Thinkers of the Time

  33. 4) Beccaria – focused on the justice system • a. laws are meant to preserve order not punish crime • b. criticized common abuses of justice/justice systems • c. argued for speedy trial and abolishing torture • d. believed punishment should be based on seriousness of the crime • e. greatest good for the greatest number of people • 5) Mary Wollstonecraft – rights of women • a. most Enlightenment thinkers (men) held a traditional view toward women • b. Wollstonecraft wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” • c. argued women need education to become virtuous and useful D. Important Thinkers of the Time

  34. Belief in progress1. Success of Scientific Revolution (last semester) gave confidence human reason could solve social problems2. Urged end to slavery, social equality, democratic style of govt. • Secular Outlook: non-religious outlook • 1. Questioning of religious beliefs and teachings of the church • 2. Wanted to rid religious faith of superstition and fear & promote religious tolerance • C. Importance of the Individual1. looked to selves instead of church and/or government for answers and truths • 2. use own ability to judge right from wrong • 3. stressed the importance of the individual as a member of society III. Legacy of the Enlightenment

  35. many philosophes believed best government was a monarchy whose • ruler respected his people • B. Enlightened despots: monarch inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule fairly and respect his people 1. Frederick the Great of Prussia • 2. Catherine the Great of Russia 3. Joseph II of Austria IV. Enlightenment and Monarchies

More Related