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Understanding Earth's Layers and Erosion Processes

Explore the five types of erosion and the layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. Learn about the effects of physical processes like plate tectonics, erosion, and deposition on geological features. Discover how land changes over time through the influences of gravity, water, wind, ice, and human activity.

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Understanding Earth's Layers and Erosion Processes

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  1. Warm-Up What are the five different types of erosion? • Gravity • Water • Wind • Ice • Human Activity

  2. Standard: S6E5 – Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed. d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth. f. Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features including oceans (composition, currents, and tides). MYP Question: How does land change? Learner Profile Term: Thinker

  3. Opening: The deepest man-made hole on Earth. Learning Target: Today I am learning about the layers of the earth because I will know what’s going on beneath my feet. Work Session: Begin Earth’s layers foldable. Closing: The challenges of drilling deep into the earth.

  4. Opening: Kola Super deep Borehole

  5. Layers of the Earth

  6. The Crust • SOLID layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin, including the solid earth and oceans.

  7. CONTINENTAL CRUST composed of granitic rocks, which are less dense than basaltic rocks of the oceanic crust. So, most of continental crust is above sea level. • OCEANIC CRUST - composed ofbasaltic rocks, which are more dense than granitic rocks of the continental crust. So, oceanic crust is below sea level.

  8. The Crust (CONTINUED) • Composition:mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum (Granite and Basalt) • Temperature:Varies from air temperature to 870 Co (1600⁰ F) • Thickness: 35 - 70 km (3 miles – 25 miles)

  9. Lithosphere • Upper part of the mantle and the crust. • Floats on top of the soft rock below it. • Litho means “stone” in Greek. • The crust and upper part of the mantle are very similar, so they are combined in this layer.

  10. The Mantle • SOLID layer of hot rock between the crust and core.

  11. Mantle (continued) Composition: Solid rock, mostly iron and magnesium Temperature: (16,000⁰ - 4000⁰ F) Thickness:2900 km (1800 mi) (contains most of earth’s mass) Convection currents - hot material in the mantle rises, cools and then sinks.

  12. Crust Lithosphere Mantle Asthenosphere

  13. Asthenosphere • Upper part of the Mantle. • Molten (melted) rock layer. • About 175 km thick.

  14. The Core Center of the Earth; under extreme pressure

  15. The Outer Core Composition:LIQUID iron and nickel Relative Temperature: 3,700oC – 4,300oC (4000o – 9,000o F) Thickness: 2,200km (1400 miles)

  16. The Inner Core Composition:SOLID iron and nickel Temperature: 7,200oC (13,000o F) Thickness: 5,200km – 6,428km The inner core is very hot, pressure from the weight of the rest of the Earth doesn’t allow the material to melt. Iron’s normal temperature of melting is 15350C, but in the earth inner core it could stand 40000C with no melting. Pressure equals 45,000,000 pounds per square inch.

  17. Closing: What challenges stand in the way of scientists exploring the center of the Earth? • No equipment equipped to withstand the heat, pressure, and depth of the interior of the Earth. • No human can withstand the heat, pressure, or depth of the interior of the Earth.

  18. Shadow Zone They don’t really know; they make inferences (educated guesses). 1. Shadow Zone - seismic waves 2. Material found on earth close to volcanoes/earthquakes. How do scientists know what the Earth is made of?

  19. Temperature • The Earth gets cooler as you go deeper. • At 20 meters down, the temperature starts rising. • After 40 meters down, the temperature rises about 1° Celsius for every meter.

  20. Pressure • The deeper you go, the more rocks are above you. The more rocks there are, the more they weigh. • So the deeper you go, the greater the pressure pushing on you.

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