February 11, 2014

1. February 11, 2014 • Label the map of the Roman Empire. • These maps may help you: pages 162, 186, R38, R40, R41

3. Roman Civilization Develops

4. 1. Geography of Italy • Boot shaped peninsula • To the north: The Alps • Mediterranean sea provides both protection and transportation • Rich soil and mild climate

5. 2. Founding of Rome • Legend of Romulus and Remus • Legend states they were twin brothers who founded Rome

6. b. Latins • Legend states they were twin brothers who founded Rome c. Etruscans • Took over Rome • Believed to be great metal workers and jewelers • Culture was heavily influenced by the Greeks

7. iv. Had great influence on Roman society • Built Rome’s first city walls and sewer • Introduced building techniques such as the arch • Introduced alphabet and number systems • Helped shape system of government • Introduced gladiator games and chariot races • Influenced styles of sculpture and paintings

9. 3. Rome becomes a Republic • Romans will overthrow the Etruscans and establish a Republic • A republic is were elected officials govern the state

10. b. Patricians and Plebeians • Patricians • Wealthy aristocratic families • Controlled every aspect of society • Used patronage system • A system where wealthy Romans provided financial, social, or legal support for lower ranking families in return for political backing and loyalty

11. ii. Plebeians • Common people • Demanded more rights from the Patricians • Formed the Plebeian council • Responsible for overseeing and protecting plebeian affairs • Gained the right to elect officials known as the tribunes • Job was to protect Plebeians against unjust treatment by Patrician officials • Eventually given veto power

12. 5. 12 Bronze Tablets • Plebeians forced Patricians to have all the laws written down • Displayed them at the Forum • Law code will be known as the Law of the Twelve Tablets

13. 4. The Republic • Constitution • Created by both the Plebeians and Patricians

14. b. Government • Consisted of 3 main bodies • Senate • 300 members • Advised elected officials • Controlled public finances • Handled all foreign affairs

15. 2. Assemblies • All citizens voted on laws • Elected officials 3. Magistrates • Put laws into practice • Governed in the name of the senate • Acted as priests

16. ii. Consuls • Replaced the king • Held by two magistrates • Elected for 1 year • Both chief executive and commanders of the army

17. iii. Censors • Recorded cities population • Recorded personal property of the citizens • Appointed new senators when there was a vacancy

18. iv. Praetors • Primarily judges • Could act as consuls • Given either military commands or appointed as provisional governors when their term ended

19. v. Dictators • Gave its holder unlimited power for 6 months • Chosen only in a time of crisis

20. vi. Checks and Balances • Each part of the government could impose certain constraints upon the others

21. vii. The Forum • Heart of the city • City leaders met there • Shopping • Public ceremonies

22. From Republic to Empire

23. 1. The Republic Expands • Military • All men age 17-46, with a minimum amount of property were required to serve during times of war • Organized into units called Legions • Commanders called Centurions • Officers who command 100 men • Highly disciplined and well trained

25. b. The Punic Wars • Series of 3 wars that lasted over 80 years • 1st Punic War • Mostly a naval war • Carthage will have the upper hand initially but Rome will come back and defeat Carthage

26. ii. 2nd Punic War • Hannibal • Carthage general who led an army and war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps and invaded Italy • Dominated the country side

28. 2. Publius Cornelius Scipio • Led Roman army to Carthage • Attacked the city • Forced Hannibal to return to Carthage

29. 3. Plain of Zama • Both Carthage and Roman forces met there • Scipio was able to defeat Hannibal and his troops 4. Rome will strip Carthage of its navy and land held in Spain 5. Did not destroy the city

30. iv. 3rd Punic War • Carthage begins to build ships again • Rome declares war on Carthage • Laid siege to the city for 3 years • Enslaved its citizens and completely destroyed the city

32. 2. Problems in the Late Republic • Social Unrest • Gracchi Brothers • Tiberius and Gaius • Tried to help soldiers by redistributing public land to small farmers • Angered the wealthy elite • Senate urged a mob to kill the brothers

33. b. Military in Politics • Gaius Marius • Elected to the office of Consul • Eliminated property restrictions and began to accept anyone who wanted to join the army • Armies would become loyal to a general; became a tool for political power

34. ii. Civil War • Lucius Cornelius Sulla • Marius and supporters tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command • Led to a civil war

35. c. Sulla was victorious and became a dictator • Executed those who opposed him • Carried out reforms aimed at protecting the power of the Senate • Voluntarily retired

36. Greek dominoes • Cut out each of the dominoes on the solid black line. (Each domino should have two sides – left and right). • Assemble the dominoes such that the definition/description is touching the appropriate word.

37. February 17, 2014 Please take out your dominoes. • On your smart phone, go to m.socrative.com • Enter room 779513. • Answer the questions regarding Ancient Greece. ** If you do not have a smart phone, please take a quarter-sheet from the front of the room.

38. Dominoes

39. 3. Rome Becomes an Empire • The First Triumvirate (rule of 3 men) • Made up of 3 men • Julius Caesar, Gnaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus • Caesar and Pomepy were both successful military leaders • Took over the Republic in 60 B.C.

40. Julius Caesar Gnaius Pompey

41. ii. Civil War • Caesar and Pompey faced off in battle • Caesar defeats Pompey and takes full control of the Republic

42. iii. Caesar • Will be made Dictator for Life • Reforms • Gave citizenship to the providences • Gave public lands to the veterans • Assassinated by a group of Senators on March 15, 44 B.C. also known as the Ides of March

43. b. The Second Triumvirate • Composed of: Octavian (Caesar’s son and heir), Marc Antony (a loyal officer) and Lepidus (a high priest) • Octavian and Antony divided the empire in half • Octavian took the West • Antony took the East

44. Octavian Marc Antony

45. iii. Civil War • Antony and Cleopatra wanted to Expand • Octavian defeats them at a naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C. • Antony and Cleopatra kill themselves iv. Octavian is left with sole power

46. c. Octavian • Called himself “princeps” or first citizen to avoid the title of emperor • Senate gave him the title Augustus or “revered one” • Head of State for 40 years • Divided rule between himself and the Senate

47. d. Augustan Age • Foreign Affairs • Tried to bring peace to the West in Gaul and Spain • Tried to push Rome’s borders to the Danube River

48. ii. Rome • Created a police force and fire brigade • Began Building programs • Moral and religious reform iii. Augustus died in 14 A.D.

49. 4. Julio-Claudians • Relatives of Julius Caesar ruled for 54 years after Augustus died • Emperors • Tiberius • A good soldier and competent administration

50. ii. Caligula • Brutal and mentally unstable iii. Nero • Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors • Burned down Rome • Killed his mother • Committed suicide in 68 A.D.