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Taiwan’s Ethnic Conglomeration in Southeast Asian Regional Contexts Bien Chiang

Taiwan’s Ethnic Conglomeration in Southeast Asian Regional Contexts Bien Chiang Institute of Anthropology, National Tsinghua University Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica 2012/3/20 National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism. Phases of Immigrations into Taiwan.

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Taiwan’s Ethnic Conglomeration in Southeast Asian Regional Contexts Bien Chiang

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  1. Taiwan’s Ethnic Conglomeration in Southeast Asian Regional Contexts Bien Chiang Institute of Anthropology, National Tsinghua University Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica 2012/3/20 National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism

  2. Phases of Immigrations into Taiwan • circa 10000 BC: dubious presence of the Negrito • circa 4000 BC: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) • circa 1400 AD: Southern Chinese immigrants (Mainly Hokkienand Hakka) • 1949 AD: “Political Refugees” from all over Chinese Mainland • 1990 AD: Migrant Workers and Marital Immigrants

  3. The Indigenous Austronesian Communities Population 6,019 7,275 704 52,824 6,840 12,183 90,811 Population 81,848 27,071 569 1,258 188,797 12,357 3,956

  4. Bellwood, Peter 1985 Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago, Sydney, Academic Press

  5. Major “Historical” Periods Related to the Austronesian People of Taiwan • After 12th century: Sporadic mentioning of Taiwan in Chinese literature • 1624 to 1661: The Dutch controlled the Western (mainly Southwestern) plain areas • 1626 to 1642: The Spanish controlled the Taipei Basin and Northern coast • 1662 to 1895: Koxinga and Qing Dynasty • 1895 to 1945: Japanese Period • 1945 to present: Republic of China Period

  6. Demographic Change • c. 1661 Chinese: 25,000 to 50,000 • 1886 survey Indigenous: 150,000 • c. 1895 Chinese: 2,546,000 • April, 2011 Taiwan Population: 23,170,376 • April, 2011 Taiwan Indigenous Population: 514,824 (2.2%)

  7. Important Events in the Colonial History of Taiwan (I) • 1722: initial boundary marker that led to the establishment of “Ai-yun line （隘勇線 or “Guardsmen Line”）and the formal demarcation of “Fan-jie” （蕃界 or the “Native’s Territory”） • 1867: the Rover incident • 1871: the Ryukyu shipwreck incident • 1896-1920: steady “advancement” of guardsmen line • 1909: launch of “five-year native management project”, which was in fact a series of military campaigns (39 major battles) • 1920: guardsmen line replaced in some places by land mines and electrified barbed wires

  8. Important Events in the Colonial History of Taiwan (II) • 1930: setting up of schools and the provision of medical facilities, introducing rice farming, cattle herding and silkworm industry • 1939: “Imperial-Subjectification”（皇民化運動） • 1945: Republic of China succeeded Japan and transformed the mountain territory demarcated by the guardsmen line into reservation • 1945: establishment of local administrative system • 1950: “Life improving movement”, “Sedentary farming” and “Forestation” projects • 1957: “Land Survey and Registration” • 1983: underground journal “Gau Shan Qing”（高山青）

  9. Important Events in the Colonial History of Taiwan (III) • 1984: Taiwan Indigenous Rights Promotion Association （原住民權利促進會） • 1992: collective name changed from “Mountain Compatriot “ （山胞）or “High Mountain Tribes” （高山族）to “Indigenous Peoples” （原住民） • 1996: Establishment of Council or Bureau of Indigenous Peoplesat all governmental levels（原住民族委員會／原住民行政局）

  10. Comparative Ethnography • Similarities between the Traditional Indigenous Cultures of Taiwan and Insular Southeast Asia • Slash-and-Burn Agriculture plus Hunting and Fishing • Practice of Head Hunting • Shamanistic Religions • Wide Range of Kinship Organizational Principles: patrilineal, matrilineal, cognatic etc. • Wide Range of Social Hierarchical Principles: Egalitarian to Classed • Social Formations based on Architectural Forms (“House Societies”) • Significances of Imported Material Valuables in Social Production and Reproduction

  11. Historical Divergence • Contrasts between the Historical Experiences of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan and that of Insular Southeast Asia • Presence and Absence of Hindic and Islamic Influences • “Western” vs. “Asian” Colonization • Positions in the Historical Maritime Trading Networks

  12. Major Contemporary Social Issues • Facing the Indigenes of Taiwan • Domination of Mainstream Culture • General Negligence and Misunderstanding of the Indigenous People by the Majority Taiwanese • Under-privileged Socio-economic Status • Maintenance and Development of Indigenous Land • Environmental Hazards and Traditional Territories • Implementation of The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law(2005)

  13. Researchers Wanted • Ethno-archaeology: more works are needed to establish sequential linkage between the archaeological findings and the living Austronesian cultures in Taiwan. • Regional Context: Situated at the northernmost corner of the Austronesian territory, the indigenous peoples of Taiwan have been out of reach by the Hindic and Islamic cultural influences and only briefly colonized by the European. In both ethnographic and historical sense they provide a highly enlightening contrast to the rest of the Austronesian communities.

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