Age of the Reformation V

1. Age of the Reformation V Knox, the Catholic Reformation, and the Thirty Years War

2. John Knox • Was born between 1505-1515 in Scotland • Grew up with a standard Catholic education, though was considered liberal • Studied at the University of Glasgow or St. Andrews • Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew but was not an exceptional scholar • Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545 when he broke with the Catholic church

3. John Knox • 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart came to Scotland and befriended Knox • Knox followed Wishart learning from him and acting as his bodyguard • 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal Beaton • Knox preached his first sermon viciously defying Catholicism • Returned to St. Andrews and taught until 1547 when it was conquered by the French Catholics

4. John Knox • Knox was captured by the French and forced to row in the slave galleys for 18 months • He refused to return to Catholicism • 1549-1559 Knox traveled between England and Europe spending much time in Geneva learning from Calvin • 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led the church into Reform

5. John Knox • Iconoclasm ensued, not technically inspired by Knox, but not discouraged • 1560 Knox and others establish the Scottish Confession of Faith creating Scottish Presbyterianism • He led a prolonged struggle against the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots • Wrote a History of the Reformation • Died Nov. 24, 1572 without regret

7. Jesuits • Founded in 1537 by Don Inigo Lopez de Recalde aka Ignatius of Loyola • Ignatius had been a Spanish soldier until he was wounded in defending Pampeluna • During his long recovery he had nothing to read but Christ’s and saint’s lives • He converted and immediately went to a monastery taking the three-fold vow • He lived ascetically, formed and wrote down the Spiritual Exercises

8. Jesuits • Ignatius traveled to Jerusalem with a desire to convert the Muslims, but was told not to so returned to Spain • Began religious studies over the next several years as well as beginning to preach • He and followers were suspected, investigated, and imprisoned by the Inquisition • Was told not to preach without 4 more years of study

10. Jesuits • 1540 the “Society of Jesus” applied and received status as an order of the church • The Jesuits were not organized for monastic life, rather for social interaction • Deemphasized individual monastic growth rather endorsed preaching, changing society, hearing confessions and missions • Placed great emphasis on education • A VERY hierarchical order, obedience is everything

11. Jesuit Hierarchy

12. Jesuits • Jesuits also have a strict hierarchy of initiation, 2 years as a novice => Scholastic => Spiritual Coadjutor => Professed => Professed Fathers => Leadership of the Order • Jesuits attracted many recruits and were very popular by Loyola’s death in 1556 • Attracted nobles because of education • Performed many missionary journeys, notably Francis Xavier

14. Council of Trent • Initiated by Pope Paul III met in 25 sessions, under 3 different popes, from 1545-1563 • Was called largely as a result of Protestantism requiring Catholicism to more strictly define itself • Emperor Charles V proposed many compromises in hopes of joining Protestant and Catholic

15. Council of Trent • Trent affirmed and solidified Catholic doctrine providing a more stable faith • It also cleared out many of the abuses previously complained about • They confirmed cup only communion, the Apocrypha, necessity of baptism, Inspiration of Vulgate, and the mediatory capacity of the church • They curbed the abuse of Indulgences, Image worship, absenteeism, and put age limits on clerical offices

16. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • The Peace of Augsburg 1555 had set rules for German religious governance, but wasn’t enough • France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark were all interested in German territory • Reform was mixing with Lutheranism creating a mixed Protestantism • 1st spark in Donauwörth where protestants attacked a Catholic procession • A Catholic Duke intervened and crushed the Protestants

17. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • 1618 Duke of Bohemia appointed a Catholic heir, but the Calvinists rejected him • 1619 Duke dies resulting in full scale rebellion soon followed by much of Austria and Germany • The Catholics created the Catholic League and allied with Spain • The Protestants formed the Protestant Union with many factious allies

18. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • 1623 Bohemia was pacified and Catholicised • Danish Period 1625-1629 • Denmark invaded fearing threat to its protestant rule and was soundly defeated • The king converted to catholicism in order to save his territory • The Catholics confiscated much property using the rules of Augsburg

19. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • Swedish Intervention 1630-1636 • The Swedes invade to protect their Protestantism • They are semi-successful and make a treaty that favors the Hapsburgs • Swedish/French Intervention 1636-1648 • France allied with Denmark and Sweden to fight for the Protestants • Spain unsuccessfuly invaded France

21. Peace of Westphalia • The alliance fought well and confined the Hapsburgs to Austria resulting in Peace • Treaty of Westphalia was signed Oct. 27, 1648 cementing many physical boundries between Protestant and Catholic nations • Symbol of the end of the world wide reign of Roman Catholicism • Gave general religious freedom except in Hapsburg territories