Cleaner Production, Industrial Ecology and Sustainability

1. Cleaner Production, Industrial Ecology and Sustainability Jouni Korhonen

2. Topics • Materials flows in industrial systems • Materials flows in ecosystems • Research challenges

3. Flows of Matter in Industrial Systems Industrial system, production and consumption Nature • Over-harvesting of renewables • Use of non-renewables - Wastes exceeding the ecosystem carrying capacity Nature University of Tampere, Research Institute for Social Sciences, Jouni Korhonen June 2005

4. Flows of Energy in Industrial Systems Industrial system, production and consumption Nature • Use of non-renewable fossil fuels - Producing emissions exceeding nature’s assimilation capacity Nature University of Tampere, Research Institute for Social Sciences, Jouni Korhonen June 2005

5. Flows of Carbon in Industrial Systems Industrial system, production and consumption Nature Nature • Use of geological carbon, extracted ’outside’ ecosystems - Releasing cardon dioxide (CO2) foreign to nature University of Tampere, Research Institute for Social Sciences, Jouni Korhonen June 2005

6. Natural Ecosystem: A Sustainable System Solar energy Plants Animals Decomposers, scavengers, bacteria, fungi Waste heat Cyclical and cascading flow of materials and energy based on infinite solar energy input (’master of recycling’) University of Tampere, Research Institute for Social Sciences, Jouni Korhonen June 2005

7. Industrial Ecosystem of the Uimaharju Forest Industry Park, North Karelia, Finland University of Tampere, Research Institute for Social Sciences, Jouni Korhonen June 2005

8. Uimaharju 1955-1966 ”Type I” Forest Lake ecosystem Domestic roundwood Bark boiler CO2, other emissions Bark Heat (1) Air Saw mill Sawn Power, timber fossil fuels Ash, other solid wastes Sawdust Landfill

9. Power (3) Uimaharju 1967-1992 ”Type II” Forest Industrial Pulping Lake ecosystem gases chemicals Mechanically purified (1967- 1989) or aerated Domestic roundwood, Some imported roundwood (1989- 1991) waste waters Bark Waste boiler waters Black liquor, Pulp Pulp bark Heat mill Tall oil , Bark turpentine (1) Air Chips CHP CO , other Saw Steam (4) (2) 2 power Sawn Heat (5) emissions mill plant timber Ash, other solid wastes Fossil fuels, power Landfill Sawdust (6)

10. Uimaharju Uimaharju 1992 1992 - - 2003 2003 “ “ Type III Type III ” ” Purified Purified Purified Purified Ash pellets Ash pellets Ash pellets Ash pellets Waste waters Waste waters Waste waters Waste waters ( ( ( ( Pulping Pulping Pulping Pulping Forest Forest Forest Forest Lake Lake Lake Lake Eno Eno Eno Eno municipality municipality municipality municipality (12) (12) (12) (12) chemicals chemicals chemicals chemicals ) ) ) ) water water water water for for for for fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem Waste Waste Waste Waste Waste Waste Waste Waste Pulping Pulping Pulping Pulping ash ash ash ash water water water water chemicals chemicals chemicals chemicals recovery recovery recovery recovery treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment (10) (10) (10) (10) Imported Imported Imported Imported plant plant plant plant plant plant plant plant ( ( ( ( ~2/3) ~2/3) ~2/3) ~2/3) and and and and Waste Waste Waste Waste domestic domestic domestic domestic waters waters waters waters Ash Ash Ash Ash Waste Waste Waste Waste roundwood roundwood roundwood roundwood water water water water (9) (9) (9) (9) Gas Gas Gas Gas sludge sludge sludge sludge saw saw mill mill wastes wastes for for plant plant plant plant (11) (11) (11) (11) pulping pulping Industrial gases Industrial gases Industrial gases Industrial gases (8) (8) (8) (8) Pulp Pulp Pulp Pulp Black Black Black Black CO CO CO CO , , , , mill mill mill mill liquor liquor liquor liquor , , , , 2 2 2 2 other other other other Pulp Pulp Pulp Pulp bark bark bark bark emissions emissions emissions emissions Saw Saw Air Air Air Air Chips Chips Chips Chips Power Power Power Power CHP CHP CHP CHP Sawdust Sawdust Sawdust Sawdust mill mill Steam Steam Steam Steam Power Power Power Power (14) (14) (14) (14) power power power power Bark (7) Bark (7) Heat Heat Heat Heat Sawn Sawn plant plant plant plant timber timber Power Power Fossil Fossil Fossil Fossil fuels fuels fuels fuels Heat Heat ash ash for for recovered recovered landfill landfill Solid wastes Solid wastes Solid wastes Solid wastes cardboard cardboard and and tall tall oil oil , , building building Landfill Landfill Landfill Landfill packaging packaging wastes wastes turpentine turpentine for for unused unused bark bark from from for for energy energy chemical chemical saw saw mill mill and/ and/ or or pulp pulp production production industry industry mill mill (13) (13) Uimaharju 1992-2003 ”Type III”

12. Research challenges • System Vs. System boundaries • Example: Finnish forest industry imports and exports • System Vs. System component • Example: Inter vs. Intra-organizational management • Eco-efficiency Vs. Growth • Example: The rebound effect and the ’Jevon’s paradox’, e.g. fuel efficient cars vs. mileage driven • Downstream impacts Vs. Upstream root causes • Example: CFCs, SO2 as known impacts • Waste Vs. Its definition (cultural/social construct) • Examples: Past vs. present, Developed vs. Developing countries University of Tampere, Research Institute for Social Sciences, Jouni Korhonen June 2005