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The Spread of Islam. Abu-Bakr succeeded Muhammad. In 632 he became the 1 st caliph (means successor). Umar, Uthman & Ali are known as the rightly guided caliphs. Their rule was called a caliphate. By 750 the Muslim empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.
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Abu-Bakr succeeded Muhammad. In 632 he became the 1st caliph (means successor). • Umar, Uthman & Ali are known as the rightly guided caliphs. • Their rule was called a caliphate. • By 750 the Muslim empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
The rightly guided made great progress in the spread of Islam. • Felt that their success was a sign from Allah that they had his support. • Muslim success had to do with the weakness of the armies north of Arabia. • Another reason for muslim success was that Persian & Byzantine peoples were tired of being persecuted. Felt that the Muslims were liberators and not invaders. Reasons for Success
Many converted to Islam. • Occurred for 2 reasons : financial ( no poll tax) & the message of Islam. • Christians & Jews (who are called people of the book) were allowed to pay a poll tax to stay out of military service. • Christians & Jews served as officials, scholars & beaureacrats. Conquered Peoples
Murder of Uthman in 656 created a civil war. • Ali who was Muhammad’s son-in-law battled Muawiya for caliph. • 661 Ali was killed which ended the election of caliphs. • The Umayyads came to power and set up a system of hereditary succession. • Muslim capital was moved from Mecca to Damascus. Internal Conflict
Arab Muslims felt Damascus was too far away. • The Umayyads went away from the simple life of a caliph to a more wealthy life style. • These actions split the Muslim community. • Most Muslims accepted the Umayyads rule for peace purposes. Internal Conflict
Shi’a are followers of Muhammad who are related to him. • Sunni are follwers of Muhammad’s example. • Sufi are followers who believed that the Umayyad’s lifestyle was too luxurious. • Many thought that the Umayyad’s had become too concerned with worldly affairs and not religion. Sunni & Shi’a
Sufi Muslims live in a world of poverty and devotion to spiritual paths. • Have a direct relation to God through meditation and chant. • In 750 the Umayyad’s were overthrown and the Abbasids took control. Sunni & Shi’a
One of the last members of the Umayyad dynasty fled to Spain to establish a dynasty. • These Muslims were called Berbers. Led by Tariq. • The Berbers tried to take Paris but were defeated at theBattle of Tours in 732. Muslim Control
Abassids controlled Iraq, Iran & central Asia. • The capital city was Baghdad. • Abassids established a strong bureaucracy to help run the empire. • Abassid caliphate lasted from 750 to 1258. • The Fatimid Dynasty began in North Africa and spread to western Arabia and Syria. Muslim Control
Though the empire became divided. It was unified via language, trade and economy. • 2 major sea-trading zones Mediterranean & Indian Ocean linked the empire. • Land connected the Silk Road in China to Europe. • Banks setup a line of credit called a sakk for merchants to conduct business throughout the empire. Muslim Control
The word sakk was pronounced check and that’s how checks began to be used in business • In Cordoba ,Spain the city created a cosmopolitan feel that had cultures of Jews, Christians and Muslims. • Attracted doctors, scientists and philosophers all who had an impact on the world. Muslim Control
