J. Bolen, C. Helmick, J. Hootman, T. Brady, L. Ramsey. CDC Arthritis Program

1. Could Arthritis Be a Barrier to Physical Activity Among Persons with Diabetes and Other Chronic Conditions? J. Bolen, C. Helmick, J. Hootman, T. Brady, L. Ramsey. CDC Arthritis Program

2. Format for today’s call • Prevalence of arthritis among people with diabetes, heart disease, obesity, inactivity. • Characteristics of people with arthritis who are and are not physically active • Arthritis as a barrier to increased physical activity • Characteristic of successful exercisers with arthritis • Arthritis-specific interventions • Examples of successful collaborations between state arthritis programs and other chronic disease programs

3. Take home message Anyone seeking to increase physical activity in the population of adults with other chronic diseases or risk factors (e.g. diabetes cardiovascular disease, obesity and physical activity) has to address arthritis. - A large proportion of people with chronic diseases also have arthritis. - Arthritis presents unique barriers to increased physical activity.

4. Prevalence of arthritis among adults with diabetes, heart disease, obesity and physical inactivity Julie Bolen, PhD, MPH jcr2@cdc.gov

5. Almost Half of Adults with Diabetes also Have Arthritis (NHIS, 2003-2005) Arthritis (46.4 million) Diabetes (17.2 million) 7.8 million people with both

6. Over Half of Adults with Heart Disease also Have Arthritis (NHIS, 2003-2005) Heart Disease Arthritis (46.4 million) (13.3 million) 6.9 million people with both

7. Arthritis among adults with diabetes, heart disease, obesity, inactivity: 2003-05 BRFSS State Medians.

8. Increased physical activity (conditioning and strengthening) helps several chronic conditions • For people with arthritis, can reduce joint pain, improve function, and improve mental health • For people with diabetes, can reduce blood glucose and risk factors for complications • For people with heart disease, can improve cardio-vascular functioning and help control weight

9. Addressing arthritis is critical • There are barriers to increasing physical activity faced by most adults, e.g. lack of time, motivation, competing responsibilities, etc • Also arthritis-specific barriers, e. g. pain, fear of increased pain and possible joint damage, don’t know which activities are “safe”

10. State-specific data for diabetes • Below are examples from the 2003-2005 BRFSS demonstrating the high prevalence of arthritis among adults with diabetes • State medians and ranges are presented

11. Definitions Case Definitions Diabetes, Arthritis, and Obesity • Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes? • Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have some form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia? • Body Mass Index > 30 is obese - About how tall are you without shoes? - About how much do you weigh without shoes?

12. Definitions Physical Activity • Physical activity is estimated from a combination of 6 questions that puts people into one of 3 categories. • We focus on those who are Inactive (no reported moderate or vigorous activity) • Moving people from the inactive group to a higher level of activity provides most benefit

13. Prevalence of Arthritis Among Adults with Diabetes Median 52.6% (Range 36.2% HI – 59.3% MO) 36.2 – 48.8 49.3 – 55.0 55.2 – 59.3

14. Arthritis Among People with Diabetes by Age, Sex, and Race (state medians) 70 66 60 56 55 53 53 50 44 40 Percent 35 30 28 20 10 0 18-44 45-64 65+ M F White Black Hispanic Age Sex Race

15. Arthritis Prevalence Among Adults in the General Population and Adults with Diabetes by Age Group

16. Prevalence of Arthritis among Adults with Diabetes who are InactiveMedian 61.1% (Range 43.9% CA – 73% IA) 43.9 – 56.9 57.0 – 63.9 64.0 – 73.0

17. Prevalence Data Summary Diabetes and Arthritis • Overall, arthritis affects over half of the adults with diabetes. (Also true for heart disease) • Arthritis is especially prevalent among women and adults 45 years and older with diabetes. (Also true for heart disease) • Arthritis prevalence among people with diabetes who are inactive is about 61%, with state estimates ranging from 44% to 73%.

18. Characteristics of people with arthritis who are and are not physically active Jennifer Hootman, PhD, MPH tzh7@cdc.gov

19. Healthy People 2010 PA Objectives 22-1 Reduce % inactive (no LTPA) 22-2 Increase % engaging in moderate PA (5x30) 22-3 Increase % engaging in vigorous PA (3x20) 22-4 Increase % performing strengthening exercises People with arthritis are a specific target group for these objectives.

20. Arthritis-specific PA recommendation • Expert Panel – 2002 St. Louis Conference International Conference on Health Promotion and Disability Prevention for Individuals and Populations with Rheumatic Disease: Evidence for Exercise and Physical Activity • Evidence for at least3x30 moderate PA recommendation for adults with arthritis • “Lowers the bar” for frequency per week • Emphasizes moderate intensity • “Joint Friendly” - low impact • Can do in 10-15 min increments Reference: Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;49(3): 453-454.

21. Theoretical Rationale Very High Activity Immobile/inactive High Activity Low to moderate activity Optimal Range

22. CDC Arthritis Program Focus • CDC emphasizes just getting out of the inactive category • Gives “biggest bang for the buck” • Easier to identify target group (e.g. “inactives”) • Refer to arthritis-specific community-based exercise programs

23. Meeting PA Recommendations* US Adults With and Without Arthritis 2002 National Health Interview Survey Source: Shih M, et al. Am J Prev Med, 2006;30(5):385-93.

24. Factors associated with inactivity among adults with arthritis More inactive: • Females • Older age (45+ yrs) • Race/Ethnicity (NHB, Hisp) • Education (HS or less) • Frequent Anxiety/Depression • Functional limitations • Social limitations • Special equipment • Severe joint pain • No HCP counseling for ex Less inactive: • Perceived access to fitness program/facility No association: • Body mass index • Presence and number of co-morbid conditions • Location of joint pain Source: Shih M, et al. Am J Prev Med, 2006;30(5):385-93.

25. Arthritis as a barrier to increased physical activity • Characteristic of successful exercisers with arthritis • Arthritis-specific interventions • Examples of successful collaborations between state arthritis programs and other chronic disease programs • Teresa Brady, PhD • tob9@cdc.gov

26. Common Barriers Groups • Fatigue • Lack time • No ex. buddy • Should/don’t • Not a priority • Other priorities • Don’t enjoy Exer. Non-Ex 100% 100% 83% 50% 50% 83% 50% 67% 67% 33% 33% 67% 50% 50%

27. Barriers to Physical Activity Among People with Arthritis • Purpose • Identify barriers to PA among PWA • Compare regular exercises/non-exercisers • 12 focus groups, segmented by • Exercise status (30 min--3 days/no more than 20 min--2 days • Race (Caucasian/African American) • SES (HS Ed or less/more than HS)

28. Pain Perceived neg. outcomes No Arthritis specific pgm Weather Dr. not mention Exer Non-exer 100% 100% 83% 100% 83% 100% 83% 67% 50% 50% Arthritis Specific Barriers Groups

29. “I can’t” Lack pos. outcomes Fear Dr. not refer Exer. Non-Ex 17% 67% 0% 67% 0% 50% 0% 50% Additional Arthritis Specific Barriers among Non Exercisers Groups

30. Conclusions • PWA face both general and arthritis specific barriers to PA • Among PWA Exercisers and Non-exercisers face many of the same barriers • Exercisers less likely to allow barriers to prevent exercise • Exercisers modified their exercise • Non-Exercisers gave up exercise

31. Implications To increase physical activity among PWA : • Address fear and other psychological barriers • Provide arthritis specific instruction and referral to programs • Increase arthritis specific facilities/programs • Incorporate problem-solving skills

32. Addressing Barriers to Physical Activity among People with Arthritis Use evidence-based interventions to: • Instruct on appropriate physical activity • Address fears • Provide arthritis-safe exercise • Teach problem solving skills

33. Self Management Education Programs Physical Activity/Exercise Programs Health Communications Evidence-Based Interventions

34. Self Management Education Programs Chronic Disease Self Management Program Arthritis Self Management Program (Arthritis Foundation Self-Help Program; aka ASHC) Evidence-Based Interventions:

35. Self Management Education Chronic Disease Self Management Program (CDSMP): • Small group classes • Lead by trained lay leaders • 6 weeks; 2 ½ hours week • Designed to teach generalizable skills and enhance self efficacy • Goal setting, action planning • Problem-solving, communication with providers • Addresses multiple chronic conditions • Developed, evaluated by Stanford University

36. Self Management Education Chronic Disease Self Management Program (CDSMP) Improved Outcomes: 6 mo. 2 yrs. Self efficacy √ √ Self rated health √ √ Disability √ Role activity √ Energy/fatigue √ √ Health distress √ √ MD/ER visits √ √ Hospitalization √ Lorig et al 1999, 2001

37. Arthritis Self Management Program/ Arthritis Foundation Self Help Program • Small group education • Covers problem-solving, exercise, relaxation, communication, etc. • 6 week series of 2-2.5 hours/week • Taught by trained volunteers • Designed to increase self efficacy • Developed by Stanford University • Disseminated by AF since 1981

38. Self Management Education Programs CDSMP/ASMP Physical Activity/Exercise Programs Health Communications Evidence-Based Interventions

39. Physical Activity/Exercise Programs EnhanceFitness Arthritis Foundation Exercise program (aka PACE) Arthritis Foundation Aquatics Program Evidence-Based Interventions:

40. Physical Activity Interventions EnhanceFitness: • Multi-component group exercise program • Flexibility, Strengthening, Conditioning, Balance components mandatory • Led by certified fitness instructors • Generic; not arthritis specific • Safe for physically unfit seniors including ‘near frail’ • Developed and evaluated at Univ. of WA • Disseminated by Project Enhance

41. Physical Activity Interventions EnhanceFitness—Initial Study Results (RCT) • 85% completion rate • Significant improvements in: • Depression • General health perception • Mental health • Lack of role limitations • Social function • Energy/fatigue • Trend toward significance in • Pain • Physical function • Wallace et al J Gerontology 1998

42. Arthritis Foundation Exercise Program • Community recreational exercise program • Endurance and relaxation activities, health education • Basic and advanced levels • 1-1.5 hrs, 1-3 times per week, 8 wks • Activities seated, standing or lying • Health/fitness professionals instructors • Developed by AF in 1987, revised in1999

43. Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program • Moderate intensity aquatics group program; video available • Covers ROM, strength and endurance • Basic and advanced levels • 1-hr session,1-3 times per wk, 6-10 wks • Taught by trained fitness/health leaders • Co-developed with YMCA in 1983, revised as needed every 3 years

44. Aquatics PACE Jt. Efforts Educize Knowledge Exercise Fx Relaxation Fx Self Care Behav. Ö Ö Self Efficacy Ö Pain Ö Ö Ö Ö Depression Ö Ö Helplessness Disability/Function Ö Ö Ö Brady, Kreuger, et al 2003 AF Physical Activity/Exercise Programs:

45. Self Management Education Programs Physical Activity/Exercise Programs EnhanceFitness Arthritis Foundation Exercise program (aka PACE) Arthritis Foundation Aquatics Program Health Communications Physical Activity. The Arthritis Pain Reliever Buenos Diaz, Artritis Evidence-Based Interventions:

46. Health Communications The use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health. To be effective: Messages and materials need to resonate with the target audience

47. English Health Communications Campaign • Directed toward Caucasian and African American adults with arthritis • Ages 45-70, lower SES • Released in 2003 • Used by 35 state health departments, at least 10 Arthritis Foundation Chapters • Address key motivators • Pain relief; ability to do more

48. Key Public Health Message • 30 minutes of moderate activity • At least 3 days per week* • ACR consensus recommendations • Arth Rheum 2003;49: 453-454 • Can be done in 10 minute increments (makes it do-able)

49. Campaign Materials: • Radio Spot • Recorded • Script for local live announcer • Brochure and Brochure Holder for pharmacies, MD offices churches, etc • Print PSAs • Posters

50. Themeline: Physical Activity. The Arthritis Pain Reliever.