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L-J Organization. Anticlimax . In nonfiction, hen a writer suddenly drops from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial. Often used for humorous effect.
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Anticlimax • In nonfiction, hen a writer suddenly drops from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial. • Often used for humorous effect. • In fiction, the author deliberately subdues the action at an expected highpoint to manipulate the reader’s emotions. • Example:"As he hesitated over the after-dinner drink, she intervened to say, 'Oh, let's have sherry rather than brandy by all means. When I sip sherry, it seems to me that I am transported from the everyday scenes by which I may, at that moment, be surrounded. The flavor, the aroma, bring to mind irresistibly--for what reason I know not--a kind of faerie bit of nature: a hilly field bathed in soft sunshine, a clump of trees in the middle distance, a small brook curving across the scene, nearly at my feet. This, together with the fancied drowsy sound of insects and distant lowing of cattle, brings to my mind a kind of warmth, peace, and serenity, a sort of dovetailing of the world into a beautiful entirety. Brandy, on the other hand, makes me burp." • (Isaac Asimov, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor. Houghton Mifflin, 1971) - See more at: http://fos.iloveindia.com/anticlimax-examples.html#sthash.QmlVCzZp.dpuf
Antithesis • A viewpoint opposite of the one expressed in the thesis. • In argumentative writing the thesis must be debatable. If no antithesis exists, the thesis is not arguable. • Example:“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.” – Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
Causal Chain • Rhetorical mode of cause and effect in which a writer uses a sequence of events to show how one causes another. • Example: Children’s basic biological functioning is determined by the kind of early care they receive.(Initial Factor) Children who don’t get proper early care have difficulties with emotional regulation, sleep and wake patterns, etc. (Mediating Factor) When these essential developmental stages are disrupted, it affects psychosocial functioning, interpersonal relationships, and competence later in life. (Final Consequence)
Chronological / Temporal Order • Ideas and events are arranged by the time sequence of their occurrence. • Used usually in narrative and process essays.
Claim • An element of the Toulminlogic that establishes the thesis of the essay. • Synonymous to the “Conclusion” in a traditional argument.
Deductive Reasoning • A strategy that moves from general premise (Major premise) to a specific conclusion. • Opposite of Inductive reasoning.
Digression • A strategy (usually weak) in which an author provides a remark or series of remarks that stray from the main point.
Documentation • Author formally gives credit to sources of borrowed words or ideas.
Epigraph • Employs a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work to suggest the work’s theme. • Behind every great fortune there is a crime.” This is a quotation from Balzac given in The Godfather, a famous novel by Mario Puzo. The epigraph given in this novel presents the true picture of a gangster who earns a lot of wealth and wields much control over the lives of others. The Godfather is a true reflection of what its epigraph suggests.
Ethos • The ethical appeal to capitalize off the speaker’s credibility and evoke a moral response; excess can lead to patronizing the reader and sermonizing/
Evidence • Rhetorical strategy employing facts and opinions used to support a statement position or idea. Facts include examples, reasons, statistics, or other details. Opinions include conclusions of experts or the writer’s personal experiences.
Example • Writer provides a concrete, specific illustration of a general point.
Extended Definition • Writer develops the meaning of a term over the course of a paragraph, essay, or book length work.
Flashback • A strategy in which actions return to an earlier time in a narrative. • Used to make something in the present clearer.
First Person POV • Narrator speaks from his/her own perspective, as a character in the narrative, and using pronouns associated with I. • First Person allows a closer connection between narrator and audience.
Grounds • Delete from L-J – it is incorrect on sheet
Inductive Leap • Strategy of reasoning that ensures that the conclusion is never certain, only probable
Inductive Reasoning • A strategy that moves from specific evidence to a general conclusion based on this evidence. • Opposite of deductive. • Used chiefly in science and history
In Media Res • When a writer begins a narrative in the middle of the action
Juxtaposition • When a writer places elements, characters, scenes, or objects side by side for the purpose of comparison and contrast
Logos • Writer uses the logical appeal to evoke reason
Objective Description • Presents a detached, factual picture in a plain, direct manner • Pure objectivity is impossible
Order of Complexity • Ideas are presented according to their relative complexity; usually from most complex to least
Order of Importance • Strategies are presented according to their relative significance; usually from most meaningful to least.
Paradox • Writer uses a term that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains an acceptable and often profound meaning • Used for emphasis or to attract attention • Examples: • Your enemy’s friend is your enemy. • I am nobody. • “What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.” – George Bernard Shaw • Wise fool • Truth is honey which is bitter. • “I can resist anything but temptation.” Oscar Wilde
Pathos • Writer uses the emotional appeal to evoke empathy or other feeling
Point-by-Point Comparison • Strategy in which a writer first makes apoint about one subject and follows it with a comparable point about another subject
Point of View • Used to determine from whose perspective a story is told • First, Second and Third
Premise • A strategy of deductive reasoning that is a statement of fact; can be divided in MAJOR and MINOR
Process Explanation • A strategy that enables readers to understand a process rather than perform it
Quotation • A strategy in which writer uses exacts words from a source enclosed in quotation marks • Should be used to present a particularly memorable statement or to avoid a paraphrase that would change original meaning
Refutation • Strategy in which a writer uses to counter an opposing argument by revealing its weaknesses • Looks for: • Fallacies or logical flaws • Inadequate evidence • irrelevance
Rhetorical Question • Strategy in which a question is asked for effect and NOT to be answered
Rogerian Argument • Argument advocated by psychologist Carl Rogers, who rejected the adversarial approach of most arguments • Finds areas of agreement to reduce conflict
Second Person POV • Narrator speaks to the reader’s own perspective using the pronouns associated with you
Spatial Order • Ideas are presented according to their location • Left to right, front to back, near to far, etc.
Stream of Consciousness • Writer attempts to produce an unembellished flow of thoughts in the human minds with its feelings, judgments, associations, and memories.
Subject-by-Subject Comparison • Writer first discusses one subject in full and follows it with a comparable discussion of the entirety of another subject
Subjective Description • Strategy that contains value judgments or language that in involved • Focuses on author's reaction to event • Conveys not just a factual account of details but also their signficance
Thesis • Expresses the essays main idea
Third Person POV • Narrator speaks from the perspective of another • Associated with he, she, it • Omniscient – has godlike knowledge and can present thoughts of all characters • Limited – presents thoughts of one character
Topic Sentence • States the main idea of a body paragraph • Usually the first sentence of the paragraph
Toulmin Logic • Strategy that uses argumentation that occurs in daily life
Transitions • A strategy in which words or expression link ideas in writing • Words such as however, therefore, then, etc. can be transitions • Can also be phrases, sentences, paragraphs or longer passages
Warrant • Leave off definitions • Incorrect on packet
