January 21, 2014

1. January 21, 2014 • What do you know about the American colonies? • What is your overall goal for this class? • What is your EOC grade goal? • HW-Terms; Standard 1.1 MC Packet

2. U.S. History Standard 1- The Great Experiment

3. Standard 1 Standard USHC-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of democracy in the United States. USHC-1.1 Summarize the distinct characteristics of each colonial region in the settlement and development of British North America, including religious, social, political, and economic differences.

4. Enduring Understanding • Contemporary democratic ideals originated in England, were transplanted to North America by English settlers, and have evolved in the United States as a result of regional experiences

5. Discourse on Western Planting You have 15 minutes • 1. What are the economic advantages England might expect from colonizing Norumbega (colonial region)?  • 2. How will colonization strengthen England and weaken its rivals? • 3. How will colonization help solve England’s domestic problems? • 4. How important is religion in Hakluyt’s thinking about colonization? • 5. How much concrete knowledge of the Americas does Hakluyt seem to have?

6. Focus Questions • What were the motivations Europeans to settle in New England? • How did those motivations impacted the type of society that developed in each region? • Did the colonies REALLY have religious FREEDOM?

7. Religion in the Colonies • Although the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were founded for religious purposes, most other settlers came to the New World to get land to improve their economic and social standing.

8. Southern colonies were founded for economic reasons and religion did not play as large a role in their cultural development until the Great Awakening. • The impact of religion in the English colonies depended upon which groups of Englishmen settled the region

9. The first Pilgrims and Puritans migrated for religious freedom for themselves but not for religious freedom for other religious groups. • There was very little religious tolerance in New England.

10. The Puritans were trying to create a “city on the hill,” a community that England could look to as a model of godliness. They did not want their model community defiled by people with other religious beliefs, so they exiled dissenters such as Roger Williams to Rhode Island and persecuted Quakers. • Religion played a large role in the cultural development of New England.

11. There was more religious diversity and tolerance in the Mid-Atlantic colonies; however, it was also limited. • Pennsylvania was founded by Quaker William Penn. Quakers believed that everyone had an inner light and this belief fostered tolerance. • The Church of England (Anglican) was the established church in the South.

12. The Act of Toleration in Maryland is often cited as evidence of religious tolerance but is also evidence of the intolerance practiced by the Puritans in Maryland. Lord Baltimore promoted the Act in order to protect the rights of the Catholics in the colony. • Religious intolerance in the colonial period was a prime factor in the establishment of the principle of separation of church and state after the American Revolution.

13. Society • Early migrants to New England and the mid-Atlantic colonies initially developed a somewhat egalitarian society based on religious equality that fostered the development of democratic political institutions but as economic prosperity developed and immigration increased, so did class distinctions.

14. The Congregational (Puritan) church fostered the development of towns and educational institutions and shaped New England society. • The English settlements in the South developed a hierarchical social structure early because of the plantation system and their dependence on indentured servants and later on slaves.

15. The slave system was transplanted to the Carolinas from Barbados. • Although Georgia was initially chartered as a penal colony that outlawed slavery in order to promote a more egalitarian society, it soon became a plantation colony that allowed slavery.

16. Politics • Political developments were impacted by the mother country. The British emigrants brought not only their language and culture with them but also their experience with the Magna Cartaand Parliament.

17. Colonial experiences and distance from Britain fostered the development of democratic institutions starting with Virginia’s House of Burgesses and the New England town meetings. • Dependence on slavery and the development of the plantation economy impacted the South’s less democratic political system in which the coastal planters had more political power than ordinary farmers

18. Civil war in England during the 1600s and the policy of salutary neglect helped to undermine the authority of the king in the colonies and strengthened the role of colonial assemblies. Although most colonies were royal colonies by 1750, colonial assemblies used the power of the purse to control the impact of the royal governors.

19. British subjects in the colonies were loyal to the Crown but believed that only their colonial assemblies had the power to tax them based on the traditions of the Magna Cartaand colonial experience. The English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights all influenced the colonists’ perception of their rights as Englishmen.

20. Northern Economics • Geographic conditions afforded the settlers in New England only a subsistence farming economy. They turned to the forests for shipbuilding and to the sea as merchants and fishermen. Economic conditions, such as rocky soil and a short growing season and this impacted their views of democracy.

21. Mid- Atlantic Colonies Economics • The settlers of the Mid-Atlantic colonies were able to exploit their geographic resources of fertile soil and moderate climate and employ their large families to develop an export trade in food and were not dependent on slave labor.

22. The Southern colonies used their wide expanses of fertile soil to grow cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo, with slave labor and to export these crops on the ships of New England.

23. Trade • The three regions developed an interdependent network of coastal trade and trade with the British Caribbean as well as trade across the Atlantic with Africa and Europe. This trade and consequent economic development was impacted by the mercantilist policies of Britain

24. European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1682

25. Diverse Colonial Economies

26. England’s colonial policies were based on two ideas: 1. Mercantilism— the theory that a country should try to get and keep as much as possible. 2. Balance of trade— the difference in value between imports and exports should show more exports than imports. The country profits By the early 1700s, similarities in colonial governments included: 1. A governor appointed by the king 2. A colonial legislature that served under the governor had an upper house council appointed by the king had an elected lower house Colonial Policies and Self-Government Local leaders came to dominate the legislatures, and thus upheld England’s long tradition of strong local government.

27. Answering Focus Questions • Use more than a few words, justify each response, star the line or bullet you got it from • Do not look back at your notes • If you cannot answer the question- highlight the question, look back at your notes, then answer • You must be honest with yourself in what you do and do not know!!!

28. Focus Questions- You have 10 minutes • What were the motivations Europeans to settle in New England? • How did those motivations impacted the type of society that developed in each region? • Did the colonies REALLY have religious FREEDOM?

29. Map/Homework • Use page 65-92 to color and label the map accordingly (colonies/regions, major cities, color key) • Homework- Standard 1.1 MC questions; terms

30. January 22 • You have 15 minutes to read the document on “Reasons to Settle New England” and answer the questions in your note packet (there’s a front and back). • Have your MC packet out to be checked! • HW- Finish terms; 1.2 MC Q’s

31. Standard USHC-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of democracy in the United States.

32. USHC-1.2 Analyze the early development of representative government and political rights in the American colonies, including the influence of the British political system and the rule of law as written in the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights, and the conflict between the colonial legislatures and the British Parliament over the right to tax that resulted in the American Revolutionary War.

33. Enduring Understanding • Contemporary democratic ideals originated in England, were transplanted to North America by English settlers, and have evolved in the United States as a result of regional experiences

34. Focus Questions • What is the Magna Carta and Parliament? • What was the cause of the conflict between the British Parliament and the colonists? • How did the American colonists create their representative government?

35. Birth of American Government • American representative government developed during the colonial period as a result of both the transfer of ideas of representative government from England and the circumstances of the New World. • The English settlers brought with them concepts from British government of the Magna Carta and were later influenced by the English Bill of Rights.

36. Magna Carta • Recognized the rights of Englishmen to be consulted on the levying of taxes and to have their rights protected by a jury of their peers. • This is the basis of the English parliamentary and judicial systems

37. Rule of Law • Colonial charters granted by the king included statements declaring that English colonists continued to enjoy the rights of Englishmen. • English political tradition also included the rule of law, the principle that every member of society must obey the law, even the king. • In this legal system rules are clear, well-understood, and fairly enforced.

38. English Bill of Rights • The English Bill of Rights reiterated that the people have the right to be consulted, through their representatives, on the levying of taxes. • It established that the power of the king (executive) should be limited by the Parliament. • It states that the people have the right to religious freedom which is included in the First Amendment in the American Bill of Rights.

39. Colonies Practice Self Government • The settlers applied the principles of the right of the legislature to levy taxes and the rule of law to their colonial governments.

40. Virginia Company • Allowed the colonists in Jamestown to start the House of Burgesses as a way of maintaining order in the colony and attracting new colonists. • Only property owners were allowed to vote and the development of a social elite to whom others deferred meant that the Virginia colonists did not have a truly democratic government. • By the 1620s, the king had appointed a royal governor, further limiting democracy in Virginia.

41. Puritans Lead the Way • In New England, the Mayflower Compact is an early example of the principle that government derives its authority from the people- “consent of the governed.” • Puritan religious ideology supported representative government in Massachusetts Bay and these ideas were spread to other parts of New England as Puritans migrated.

42. The Puritan church was governed by the male members of the congregation who also governed their civil society through town meetings. • Each town sent representatives to the General Court in Boston. • At first, only members of the Puritan church were allowed to vote but the franchise was extended to all male property owners by the end of the 1700s.

43. Representative Government • All thirteen colonies established a representative assembly which had the right to levy taxes. • By the time of the revolution, most colonies had a royal governor.

44. English Civil War • During the English civil war in mid 1700, the English government left the colonies fairly much alone to develop their political institutions. • After almost a century of struggle between the king and Parliament, King James was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution and replaced with William and Mary who agreed to abide by the English Bill of Rights. • The monarchs were forced to recognize the supremacy of Parliament and its right to make tax law

45. John Locke • In response to the Glorious Revolution, John Locke wrote that man had natural rights to life, liberty and property, that people established a social contract in order to form the government, and that the authority to govern rests on the will of the people.

46. Self Government • The control that Parliament was able to exert on the colonies was limited by distance and desire. After the 1720s, the English government followed a policy of salutary neglect, leaving the colonists to govern themselves. • Their colonial assemblies had the right to tax the citizens of the colonies.

47. French & Indian War • During the French and Indian War, Parliament abandoned salutary neglect and enforced their mercantilist policies by cracking down on smugglers. • They established admiralty courts [Sugar Act] which violated the right to a trial by a jury • American reaction was to both protest the admiralty courts and increase smuggling.

48. Policy Change • The cost of the French and Indian War caused Great Britain to change its policy towards the colonies and imposed taxes to help pay the war debt. • Colonists passionately opposed the Stamp Act because it was a direct tax rather than an indirect tax such as the sugar tax. • Parliament’s failure to recognize the exclusive right of the colonial assemblies to collect taxes constituted ‘taxation without representation’.

49. Stamp Act • Colonists responded to the England’s policy change and interference with colonies’ self government with the creation of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, the Stamp Act Congress and an effective economic boycott which led to the repeal of the Stamp Act.

50. Revolutionary War • The stationing of British troops in the colonies resulted in the Boston Massacre and further alienated the colonists. • The Townshend Acts resulted in a continuation of the boycott and the Tea Act resulted in the Boston Tea Party, which led to the “Intolerable” Acts, the First Continental Congress, and the “shot heard ‘round the world” at Lexington and Concord that began the Revolutionary War.