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The Besieged State: Negotiating Authority in Conflict-ridden Territorial Margins (The Case of Lower Casamance, Senegal)

This thesis explores the challenges faced by the state in maintaining its authority in the Lower Casamance region of Senegal. It examines the different governance technologies used and the implications for the local population, rebels, and traditional leaders. It also explores the dynamics of border control and communication in the region.

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The Besieged State: Negotiating Authority in Conflict-ridden Territorial Margins (The Case of Lower Casamance, Senegal)

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  1. L’ETAT SPONTEX: Négocier l’autorité dans les marges territoriales - conflictuelles. (Le case de la Basse-Casamance Sénégal) Fatima Diallo, ASC-Leiden, Pays-Bas Gaston Berger l’Université, Sénégal.

  2. The thesis? • The besieged State : Technologies of Governance in Lower-Casamance • ---------- • What governance technology for the maintenance of the State in the region?

  3. Several manners to govern key domains:

  4. La spécificité de la Casamance

  5. Casamance: no war, no peace Low level of violence: both from the state and the rebels side: agreement on the violence regulation? Thirty years of war, but: • 100 times less deadly than the Sudan • 50 times less than Angola • 07 times less than Uganda

  6. Ambivalence of the position of the villagers • Victimization of villagers in violence theories • Implication of villagers in the use of violence • Implication in the offer of security • Pluri-fonctinality of the villagers as actors

  7. The loss of the popular support No correlations between: Popular support and independence Popular support and State Correlations between: Violence and need of security Rebels State Traditional leaders

  8. Symboliser la frontière! Contrôler le flou des frontières étatiques Frontière de Seleti: quelques Km de Diouloulou Simples Lignes= début - fin d’une souveraineté La différence des couches de goudrons= la divergence de représentations de l’espace Route en bicouches (plus durable)- Gambie: espace central Route en monocouche (moins durable)-Senegal: espace périphérique

  9. « L’extérieur dans l’intérieur »

  10. When « Tranquille » is no longer tranquil «Tranquille» is a disputed village between Gambia and Senegal

  11. Frontiers, war and communication

  12. The historical fluidity and navigability of frontiers • Mobility and migration as survival strategies • The reinforcement of the importance of frontiers during crisis period (example de Tranquille)

  13. From the State side: Since colonial period Absence of communication infrastructures as as a limit of state control From some radical rebels The state has never been interested in implementing communication infrastructures as this will induced a more integration of Casamance in the “Sous-region” From the population side Need of communication, extraversion of its usage= connexion to the center and the external and deconexion to the region (the internal) Representation of communication technologies in the region

  14. The southern frontier: Narco-trafic state of Guinea Implication of ICT in violence control by villagers, army and NGO: Example “L’ecole de la paix”= village de Sindone The northern Frontier: micro-State of Gambia More peaceful space but as well the less controlled one by the Senegalese state Control of communication network by the Gambian State The difference of frontiers representations and divergence of communication stakes

  15. TIC et l’illusion du contrôle des frontières

  16. Conclusion: control, navigability, negotiation L’ETAT SPONTEX

  17. Thanks for your kind attention

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