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Pragmatics II

Speech Acts, the Cooperative Principle and Other Interesting Things. Pragmatics II. Meaning and Intent. All discourse consists of the following components of meaning and intent Illocution: What the speaker intends to express/accomplish through a specific utterance

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Pragmatics II

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  1. Speech Acts, the Cooperative Principle and Other Interesting Things Pragmatics II

  2. Meaning and Intent • All discourse consists of the following components of meaning and intent • Illocution: What the speaker intends to express/accomplish through a specific utterance • Locution: What is actually produced in a linguistic utterance • Perlocution: How the hearer understands/responds to a specific utterance • There is weak relationship between illocution and perlocution via locution (I. A. Richards)

  3. When an action is carried out through language (J. L. Austin) • Representatives, Commissives, Directives, Declarations, Expressives, Verdictives • For a speech act to be effective, it must be carried out within a specific environment; this is known as the appropriate conditions (John Searle) • Indirect speech acts are ones where the locution does not match the illocution • Done out of politeness, humor, disrespect, etc

  4. Organization of Conversation • Conversation is an effort that requires the linguistic and social abilities of all people involved. In order to have a successful conversation, there are some general guidelines that individuals follow to make it work.

  5. Cooperative Principle • In order for conversation to function as a communicative device, people must work together to bring about the desired result (H. Paul Grice) • The cooperative principle is based upon maxims, not rules • Quality, Quantity, Relevance, Manner • When violated, recipient will try to figure out how discourse could fit maxims

  6. Turn-Taking • Conversation requires signals to help control turn-taking • Most speakers signal the end of their turn • pausing, signal phrase (tag phrases), naming next speaker, yielding • When one person speaks, they “have the floor” until they give it up. They have the right to identify the next speaker, either directly or indirectly. If they don't identify, it's up for grabs

  7. Adjacency Pairs • Utterances in discourse where one part intends paired response • Question/Answer, Invitation/Acceptance, Assessment/(Dis)agreement, Request/Granting, Apology/Acceptance • They are contiguous and uttered by different speakers • Insertion sequences may interrupt for clarification needs • They are ordered • There are anticipated/polite responses. Other responses sound unusual

  8. Beginning & Ending Conversation • To signal the desire to start and end conversations, people use opening and closing sequences • Opening Sequences • Hello; Good Morning; Guess what; How’s it going?; Excuse me, I don’t mean to intrude, but…; I’m sorry, but I just overheard you say… • Closing Sequences • Goodbye; So long; Catch you later; See you later; Well, I have to get going...; I hate to cut this short, but…

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