5 Themes of Geography

1. What is it like? Where is it? How do people relate to the physical world? How do people, goods, & ideas move from one place to another? How are places similar or different Place Location Human/Environment Interaction Movement Region 5 Themes of Geography

2. Latitude & Longitude Hemispheres North 90 º (º North, º West) (º North, º East) Equator West East 180 º 180 º (º South, º East) (º South, º West) Prime Meridian 90 º South

3. 23º N, 90º E 46º N, 76º W 4º N, 74º W 35º S, 149º E Dhaka, Bangladesh Ottawa, Canada Bogotá, Colombia Canberra, Australia Absolute City Locations

4. 33º N, 44º E 52º N, 0º 7º N, 80º E 35º S, 59º W Baghdad, Iraq London, England, UK Colombo, Sri Lanka Buenos Aires, Argentina Absolute City Locations

5. Degrees around world? Hours in a day? # of degrees per time zone? 360 24 15 Time Zones =

6. 1.The extent of space between two objects or places; an intervening space 2. The position of one point in relation to another 3. A form or condition in which something may exist or appear 4. A roughly bounded part of the space on a surface; a region Distance Direction Shape Size/Area Map Distortions

8. Shows Direction Explains Content Shows Distance Explains Subject Compass Rose Legend/Key Scale Title Map Elements

9. Topographic Maps • Map showing the relief features of the earth’s surface • Variation, or difference in elevation of an area • Contour Interval • Difference in elevation between two contour lines 200 240

10. Important Lines of Latitude 66½°N Arctic Circle 23½°N Tropic of Cancer 0° Equator 23½°S Tropic of Capricorn 66½°S Antarctic Circle

11. Prevailing Winds Pressures Polar High Polar Easterlies High latitudes Sub Polar Low Westerlies Middle Latitudes Subtropical High Northeasterly Trade Winds Low Latitudes Equatorial Low Southeasterly Trade Winds Low Latitudes Subtropical High Middle Latitudes Westerlies Sub Polar Low Polar Easterlies High latitudes Polar High

12. The Earth’s Structure Inside The Earth The Crust Inner Core Outer Core The Mantle

13. Plates move towards each other Plates move away from each other Plates moving past and against each other Convergent Subduction & Collision Divergent (Spreading) Translation Plate Behaviors

14. Vernon Hills Five Factors: Determined by Elevation Humid Continental Latitude Ocean Currents Wind Currents Topography (Rain Shadow) Elevation Highland Climates

15. A new way of doing something A culture changes through its meeting with another culture The spread of an idea or culture trait Belief that one’s own ethnic group is superior Innovation Acculturation Diffusion Ethnocentrism Culture

16. R&D Stairway to Economic Stability Mang. Quinary Ser. Quaternary Tertiary Ind. Secondary C.F. S.F. H&G Primary

17. Dependency Theory History Settler Colonialism Mercantile Colonialism Conquer/Occupied by Europeans Exporting Raw Materials LDCs Today Neocolonialism • Settled by Europeans • Neo-Europes • Similar Climates & Land • Production of Value-Added Products • Mostly MDCs Today

18. MDCs Urban Service (Tertiary) based economy Has Infrastructure Low Growth Rate Established Middle Class LDCs Urbanizing (Rural -> Cities) Agricultural (Primary) Base economy Needs infrastructure High Growth Rate Income Gap MDCs vs. LDCs

20. Age-Sex Pyramids

21. Why is the earth’s population increasing the same amount each year despite a falling growth rate? • Exponential Growth (6.6 Billion)

22. Types of Economies • Market Economy (Capitalism) • Consumers determine prices & production • Supply & Demand • Command Economy (Communism) • Gov’t determines prices & production

23. All water on the earth All land including ocean basins All air surrounding the earth All life on earth Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Spheres of the Earth

24. Layers of the Earth TOP SOIL SUB-SOIL WEATHERED ROCK SOLID ROCK

25. Hydrologic Cycle Condensation Precipitation Evaporation/Transpiration

26. Thin piece of land connecting two larger pieces Thin piece of water connecting two larger bodies Piece of land surrounded by water on three sides Chain of Islands Isthmus Strait Peninsula Archipelago Landforms

27. Five Factors Raw Materials Labor Transportation Infrastructure Energy Most important? Labor Leeways Transportation ? Container Sys., $ per mile drops “If you move there, it will come” Long distance power & pipe lines Industrial Location

28. New International Division of Labor Manufacturing Export Zone High-Tech Corridor Globalization Man. Jobs -> Mexico Rise of Services in Core Mexico Detroit (GM HQ) GM (HQ in MI, Factories in Mexico) Deindustrialization/Roger & Me

29. Causes Subsistence Farmers Slash & Burn Commercial Logging Livestock Grazing Roads (Fishbone) Effects Global Carbon Cycle Global Warming Extinct Species (50%) Medical losses Deforestation

30. Free Trade vs. Fair Trade Free Trade Fair Trade Provides for livable wages for LDC producers Protects infant industries • Removing Barriers to Trade • Barriers • Tariffs – Taxes on Imported Goods • Subsidies • Quotas (limits on imported goods) • Product Bans • Environmental Protection laws

31. Political Instability Junta/ Caudillo Spanish Rule Independence Oligarchy Democracy ??? Simon Bolivar – Led many independence movements Oligarchy – Rule by the few Junta – Military Leaders / Caudillo – Military strong man Coup – Government Takeover Authoritarianism – Concentration of power within a single entity/person Guerrillas – Paramilitary forces

32. Rise of Anti-Americanism in Latin America • Anti-Globalization??? • Brazil’s econ growth via exports??? • Why confusion of neocolonialism w/ globalization? • Life & Debt, use of IMF programs to take advantage of developing markets

33. Authoritarianism • Hugo Chavez of Venezuela • Answer to social & economic problems??? • Band aid on a broken leg