Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

1. Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order 29

2. Figure 29.1 In late May 1919, large numbers of veiled women joined the mass protests in Cairo and other Egyptian cities and towns that were sparked by the harsh wartime conditions that British demands had exacerbated and by the colonizers' refusal to give Egyptian leaders a hearing at the peace conference in Paris.

3. Chapter Overview • The Coming of the Great War • A World at War • Failed Peace and Global Turmoil • The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

4. TIMELINE 1870 C.E. and 1920 C.E.

5. Map 29.1 World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle EastIn contrast to the large swaths of territory caught up in the war on the eastern front, the area contested and the battle lines in the west were confined largely to a corner of Belgium and northernmost France.

6. The Coming of the Great War • The Long March to War • Triple Entente • Russia, France, Britain • v. Germany • Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Italy joins Entente, 1915

7. Figure 29.2 This U.S. poster drumming up financial support for the war effort epitomizes the paranoia and extreme stereotyping of adversary peoples and powers that poisoned international relations in the decades leading up to the war and drove the continuing slaughter on all fronts from 1914 to 1918.

8. The Coming of the Great War • The Outbreak of the War • Gavriel Princip • Assassinates Austrian archduke, 1914, in Sarajevo • Austria-Hungary, Germany • Attack Serbia • Russia mobilizes • Germany declares war on Russia, France • Germany invades Belgium • Britain declares war

9. A World at War • Quick war expected • The War in Europe • Stalemate on Western Front • Trench warfare • Massive losses

10. A World at War • The War in Eastern Europe and Italy • Russians • Offensives against Germany • Tsar Nicholas II • Italians • War with Austrians stalemated

11. Visualizing the PastTrench Warfare

12. A World at War • The Home Fronts in Europe • Little sympathy at home • Growth in governments • Propaganda • Suppression of criticism • Labor groups dissatisfied • Weakens Germany • Russia falls • Women in work force

13. Figure 29.3 As this British recruiting poster illustrates, the drastic shortage of farm and factory workers caused by the insatiable military manpower needs of World War I generals provided abundant, but often dangerous, job opportunities for women.

14. A World at War • The War Beyond Europe • British block supplies to Central Powers • Uses imperial resources, manpower • Indians deployed in many areas • Gallipoli, 1915 • French • Use African troops • Japan • Fights Germans in China, the Pacific

15. Map 29.2 Africa During World War INot only was Africa the site of significant combat in World War I, but from Algeria in the north to the Union of South Africa it was a recruiting ground for tens of thousands of Arab-Berber and African soldiers and bearers and other laborers.

16. A World at War • The War Beyond Europe • Ottomans • Side with Germany • Armenian genocide • United States • Begins neutral • German submarines attack American shipping • 1917, enter war

17. A World at War • Endgame: The Return of Offensive Warfare • Eastern Front • German drive toward Paris • Germany forced into armistice • Adolf Hitler • Staggering casualties

18. Table 33.1 World War I Losses

19. Failed Peace and Global Turmoil • David Lloyd George • Georges Clemenceau • Woodrow Wilson • Self-determinism

20. Figure 29.4 At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice. The Arab representatives included Prince Feisal, later king of Iraq, and an Iraqi general. A British delegation member, T. E. Lawrence (third from the right), was a longtime friend of the Arabs. The Arabs did not win national self-determination for their homelands, as the British had promised during the war.

21. Failed Peace and Global Turmoil • Peace of Paris • German war guilt • Reparations • Austria-Hungary • Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia • Poland independent • League of Nations

22. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Campaigns in Africa, Middle East • Britain draws on colonial resources • Indian production stepped up • Asians, Africans work, serve • Colonies • Indigenous personnel given more opportunity

23. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj • India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines • Nationalist movements • Worldwide patterns • Leadership of Western-educated elite • Charismatic leaders • Nonviolence

24. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj • India • Indian National Congress party, 1885 • Initially loyal to British • Spurred by racism • Builds Indian identity

25. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Social Foundations of a Mass Movement • Critique of British rule • Economic privilege for British • Indian army used for British interests • High-paid British officials • Cash crops push out food production

26. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • The Rise of Militant Nationalism • Hindu/Muslim split • B.G. Tilak • Nationalism above religious concerns • Boycotts of British goods • Bombay regions • Imprisoned

27. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • The Rise of Militant Nationalism • Hindu communalists • Violent means • Terrorism in Bengal • Morley-Minto reforms, 1909 • More opportunity for Indians

28. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle • Loyal to British at start of war • But war casualties and costs mount • Inflation, famine • Promises broken • Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 • Greater Indian participation in government

29. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle • Rowlatt Act, 1919 • Civil rights restricted • Gandhi protests • Mohandas Ghandi • Nonviolence • Satyagraha, or truth force

30. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East • Egyptian nationalism • Ahmad Orabi • Rising, 1882 • Lord Cromer • Reforms • Benefit upper classes • Journalists predominate

31. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East • Effendi • 1890s • Political parties form • Harsh repression • Dinshawai Incident, 1906 • Focuses Egyptian nationalism • British grant constitution, 1913

32. Map 29.3 The Middle East after World War IDespite promises to the Arab peoples who supported them in the war to let them decide their own postwar political fate, the victorious British and French allies divided much of the Middle East into what in effect were new colonial enclaves.

33. Figure 29.5 This photograph, probably taken without the knowledge of the British authorities, shows the construction of the gallows that were used to hang the four peasants who were executed in reprisal for the attacks on British soldiers at Dinshawai in 1906. The Dinshawai incident exemplified the colonizers' tendency to overreact to any sign of overt resistance on the part of the colonized.

34. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East • Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) • Independence by 1923 • Reforms • Westernizing

35. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East • France, Britain • Promises to former Ottoman subjects • Renege • Hussein • Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates

36. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East • Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances • Balfour Declaration • Zionism • Leon Pinsker

37. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East • Zionism • World Zionist Organization • Theodore Herzl • Alfred Dreyfus

38. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Revolt in Egypt, 1919 • Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 • Martial law to protect Suez Canal • War drains Egyptian resources • Egyptians refused to present at Versailles

39. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Revolt in Egypt, 1919 • Wafd Party • Sa'd Zaghlul • British agree to independence • From 1922 • To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

40. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Revolt in Egypt, 1919 • Early regimes • Little progress • 1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser

41. Women in Asian and African Nationalist Movements • Emergence of educated women • Missionary girls' schools • Become politically active • Out of seclusion; supporting roles • Tagore's The Home and the World • African nationalism • Appeal for suffrage • Campaigns for female rights • More opportunities for women

42. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa • General loyalty • War • Drains resources • Western-educated Africans gain authority • Pan-African movement • Marcus Garvey • W.E.B. Du Bois

43. Figure 29.6 Soldiers, like those captured in this photograph, were extensively recruited by the French in their colonies in North and West Africa, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam to bolster their defenses on the Western Front in France and battle the Germans in colonized Africa.

44. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa • Paris • Négritude • Sédar Senghor • Aimé Césaire • Léon Damas