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Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds

Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds. 21.1 Functional Groups 21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds 21.3 Organic Reactions 21.4 Polymers. Functional Groups. Alcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups Alcohols are used as: Fuel additives Soap Cologne Makeup.

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Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds

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  1. Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds • 21.1 Functional Groups • 21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds • 21.3 Organic Reactions • 21.4 Polymers

  2. Functional Groups • Alcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups • Alcohols are used as: • Fuel additives • Soap • Cologne • Makeup

  3. Naming Alcohols -OH • Name the longest chain which contains the hydroxyl group • Drop –e add –ol (if more than one also add greek prefix i.e. diol) • Number the carbons • Insert position numbers • Punctuate

  4. Example

  5. Alkyl Halides • Organic compounds in which one more more halogen atom are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon • Some of the most widely used organic compounds • Teflon • CFCs

  6. Naming Alkyl Halides -F, Cl • Name the longest chain of carbons • Add prefixes for attached halides • Number the carbon atoms • Insert position numbers • Punctuate

  7. Example

  8. Ethers • Organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen • Low boiling points • Act like alcohols

  9. Naming Ethers R-O-R’ • The word ether will come at the end • Used as fuel additives • Add the names of the alkyl groups • Add prefixes if necessary

  10. Example

  11. Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon at the end of a carbon chain • Ketones – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain

  12. Aldehydes and Ketones • Uses of Aldehydes • Formaldehyde • Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) • Benzaldehyde (nuts) • Uses of Ketones • Acetone (nail polish remover) • Vanillin • Raspberry ketone

  13. Naming Aldehydes R-C=O • Name the longest chain which contains the carbonyl group (c=o) • Change –e to -al

  14. Example

  15. O Naming Ketones R-C-R’ • Name the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group • Change –e to –one • Number carbons • Insert numbers • Punctuate

  16. Example

  17. Carboxylic Acids -COOH • Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group • Used for • Acids which occur in plants and animals • Used to make plastics

  18. Naming Carboxylic Acids -COOH Name the longest chain which contains the carboxyl group Drop –e add –oic If more than one add greek prefix (-dioic)

  19. Example

  20. Esters • Organic compounds which carboxylic groups in the the hydrogen has been replaced by an alkyl group • Uses • Responsible for most flavors and orders

  21. Naming Esters R-COO-R’ • Name the parent carboxylic acid • Change the –oic to –oate • Add the alkyl groups • Punctuate

  22. Example

  23. Amines • Organic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia NH3 • Uses • Common as poison secreted by animals • Formed during protein breakdown • Caffeine, Nicotine, and Morphine

  24. Naming Amines R-N-R’ • Name the parent hydrocarbon • Drop the –e and add –amine • Add the names of the alkyl groups

  25. Example

  26. 21.3 Organic Reactions • There are four types of organic reactions • Substitution, addition, condensation, and elimination

  27. Substitution Reactions • On in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule

  28. Addition Reactions • One in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule and increases the saturation of the molecule

  29. Addition Reactions • Hydrogenation – one or more hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated molecule

  30. Condensation Reactions • One in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine

  31. Elimination Reaction • On in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is removed from adjacent carbon atoms of a large molecule

  32. 21.4 Polymers • Polymer – large molecules made of many small unites joined to each other through organic reactions • Monomer – small units that make up polymers • Copolymer – a polymer made from two or more different types of monomers

  33. Thermal Properties • Thermoplastic polymer – melts when heated and can be reshaped many times • Thermosetting polymer – does not melt when heated but keeps its original shape

  34. Structure • Linear – slide back and forth easily when heated (thermoplastic)

  35. Structure • Branched – contain side chains that prevent the molecules from sliding across each other easily (thermoplastic)

  36. Structure • Cross linked – adjacent molecules have formed bond with each other (thermoset)

  37. Addition Polymers • A polymer formed by chain addition reactions between monomers that contain a double bond

  38. Addition Polymers

  39. Natural v. Synthetic Rubber • Natural rubber is produced form the rubber tree • Vulcanization- cross linking process between adjacent polyisoprene molecules that occurs when the molecules are heated with sulfur atoms.

  40. Natural Rubber

  41. Synthetic Rubber

  42. Condensation Polymers • A polymer formed by condensation reactions (must contain two functional groups) • Nylon- most widely used synthetic fiber • Discovered in 1935 by Dr. Wallace Carothers

  43. Nylon

  44. Polyester

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