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Chapter 1 Lesson 1

Chapter 1 Lesson 1. Key Concepts… What is Science??? What are the main branches of science??? What is Physical Science???. I. What is Science? A. Def – a system of knowledge and the methods used to find knowledge. *Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery*

jescie-thompson
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Chapter 1 Lesson 1

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  1. Chapter 1Lesson 1 Key Concepts… What is Science??? What are the main branches of science??? What is Physical Science???

  2. I. What is Science? A. Def – a system of knowledge and the methods used to find knowledge. *Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery* B. Science and Technology 1. Shatter-proof glass 2. Technology a. Def – use of knowledge to solve practical problems b. What was the “science” in shatter-proof glass? c. What was the “technology”? *Technology and science go hand in hand! d. Ex: electricity led to…computers, tv’s, cell phones, etc.

  3. II. Branches of Science A. 3 Branches… 1. Physical Science (non-living) physics and chemistry 2. Life Science (living) botany (plants) and ecology (animals) 3. Earth and Space Science (history and origin) geology and astronomy

  4. *All assignments must have this general setup* Name Class Period wks 1.1 1. Define the term “science”. 2. How is science different than technology? Do they work together? 3. What are the 3 branches of natural science and list two areas from each branch? 4. Is the study of the muscle movements in the human body an example of biology or physics? Explain.

  5. Chapter 1Lesson 2 “The Scientific Method” Key Concepts… What is the goal of the scientific method? How does law differ from theory? Why are models useful?

  6. I. What is the Scientific Method? (Ex. Pg. 8) A. An organized plan used to help solve a problem. B. The General Idea… -Use your senses. Walking in the rain gets you wet… -Possible answer to a question. The faster your speed in the rain the drier you will be… -Run a controlled experiment. Manipulated Variable-what you change (speed of person in rain). Constants = what stays the same? Only one variable should be changed. -Measure the data accurately. Use the data to answer your hypothesis. Running clothes = less water. Walking clothes = more water. -A well tested explanation for a set of observations Running in the rain gets you less wet than walking.

  7. II. Theories vs. Laws A. Theory – an explanation based on observations and supported by data. 1. ex: Big Bang Theory, Creation Theory, Kinetic Theory of Matter, Atomic Theory of Matter… 2. Can be revised, discarded, or replaced by a new theory with new knowledge. 3. Theory explain why… B. Scientific Law – Is a rule of nature 1. ex: Gravity, Friction, Death… 2. Does not explain why or try to answer. 3. Ex. Gravity – objects fall towards the earth.

  8. III. Why use a model? A. Make it easier to understand difficult concepts. B. Ex.

  9. Name Class Period wks 1.2 1. What is the goal of the scientific method? 2. How does a law differ from theory? Give an example of both a law and a theory. 3. Why are models useful? 4. A group of students wanted to find out how running affects your pulse rate. What would your hypothesis be? What would the responding variable be in this case?

  10. Chapter 1Lesson 3 “Measurement” Key Concepts… What is scientific notation??? What units do scientists use for their measurements??? What is the SI System and how do we use it???

  11. Activity (5-7 min) Use a pen/pencil and measure the length of the table you are sitting at. Record your measurement Repeat using a different pen/pencil Record your measurement Think…Why are your measurements different from each other???

  12. I. Using Scientific Notation A. A way of expressing a number as a value and a power of 10. 1. Why use it??? -easy to use large/small numbers 2. Ex. 400,000,000  3. Ex. 35,300  4. Ex. 0.0000456  5. Ex. 4.58 x 10-3  4.0 x 108 3.53 x 104 4.56 x 10-5 0.00458

  13. II. Standards of Measurements A. Standard – an exact quantity that people agree on. 1. Ex: a = 12 inches 2. a mile = 5280 feet

  14. III. Different Systems A. English System – feet, gallons, cups, inches… 1. U.S. only country to use it. B. SI System 1. 1960 by the French 2. Used worldwide 3. Based on powers of 10

  15. Common Prefixes (pg. 17) Giga  109 1,000,000,000 Mega  106 1,000,000 Kilo  103 1,000 Hecto  102 100 Deka  101 10 Base  100 1 Deci  10-1 0.1 Centi  10-2 0.01 Milli  10-3 0.001 Micro  10-6 0.000001 Nano  10-9 0.000000001

  16. Examples 1. Convert 1.0 m to dm?  10 decimeters 2. A road is 1000 m in length. What is this in km?  1 kilometer 3. A small new planet is found 3 light years away from Earth. If the diameter of this planet is 23,500 meters, how many kilometers is its diameter?  23.5 kilometers

  17. More Conversions… 1. 2.3 mm  cm 2. 4.05 km  meters 3. 5.7 micrometer  mm 4. 10.01 Mm  km 5. 0.0003 hm  mm 6. 1,234,567 micrometers  Mm 7. 1.34 x 103 deciliters  liters

  18. Chapter 1Lesson 3 (cont.) “How to Use the S.I. System”

  19. Introduction mg Unit measured Prefix gram milli

  20. I. Length A. Def – the distance between 2 points 1. base unit = meter 2. Examples a. meter, millimeter, hectometer

  21. Length Example Convert: a. 5.0032 meters  cm = 500.32 cm b. .0034 km  mm = 3400 mm c. 4567 dm  decameters = 45.67 decameters

  22. II. Volume (derived unit) A. Def. – the amount of space occupied 1. formula: length X width X height 2. base unit = liter (liquids); meter (solids) a. **1 cm3 = 1 ml** 3. solids are always cubed (cm3, m3) 4. for liquids, use container dimensions to calculate volume 5. is a derived unit which means it is obtained by combining SI units

  23. Volume Example A liquid is poured into a container. If the dimensions of the container are 45 cm, 54 cm, and 80 cm what is the volume of the liquid in ml?  194,400 ml The sides of a box are 45 cm, 54 cm, and 0.4 dm. What is the volume of the box in cm3?  9,720 cm3

  24. III. Mass A. Def. – the amount of matter in an object 1. base unit = gram 2. kilograms is used frequently 3. ex: golf ball vs. table tennis ball

  25. Mass Example Convert: a. 54 g  kg .054 kg b. 3.002 kg  mg 3,002,000 mg

  26. IV. Density (derived unit) A. Def. – Mass per unit of volume 1. formula: density = mass / volume 2. derived unit of mass and volume

  27. Density Example What is the density of an unknown metal that has a mass of 178.0 grams and a volume of 20.0 mL? ***Remember D=M/V***  8.9 grams/mL Will this object float in water??? (1.0 g/ml)

  28. V. Time and Temperature A. Def. – Time is the interval between two events. 1. Base unit = second B. Def. – Temperature is the amount of heat contained in a substance 1. Base unit = Kelvin/Celsius

  29. Temperature Scales a. Celsius Scale – used for most scientific work i. 0 = freezing point of water ii. 100 = boiling point of water iii. 20 = room temperature iv. 37 = body temperature b. Kelvin scale i. 0 on the Kelvin Scale is absolute zero (-273 C.) ii. to convert Celsius to Kelvin add 273 K iii. to convert Kelvin to Celsius subtract 273 K

  30. Temperature Example The outside temperature is 29 degrees Celsius. What is it in Kelvin?  302 Kelvin A person has a temperature of 313 Kelvin. Does this person have a fever?  yes; the body temp is 40 deg C.

  31. Chapter 1Lesson 4 “Graphing” Key Concepts… Why and how do we organize data?

  32. I. Why do we organize data? A. Visual aid – helps us imagine what our data looks like. B. Shows what is going on. C. Compare information D. Makes it easier to understand

  33. II. Types of Graphs A. Line Graph 1. Useful for showing changes 2. Shows “connectedness” 3. Used with “time” frequently.

  34. Where do we generally place the Dep. Variable and the Ind. Variable? Dependent variable Independent variable

  35. Direct vs. Indirect Direct – As one set of values increases so does the other value. Indirect – As one set of values decrease the other value increases.

  36. What class period has the best average and what is their average?

  37.  6th period = 90 points

  38. B. Bar Graph 1. Used to compare information 2. bars not connected

  39. What is the most popular temperature? 18 C What is the least popular temperature? 20 C How many rooms were tested at Central Lyon? 13 rooms

  40. C. Circle / Pie Graph 1. Used to show different parts of a whole. (100%) 2. Great visual tool 3. Can be misleading

  41. What needs to be included on a graph??? 1. Title 2. Labels – x and y axis 3. Legend / Key 4. Always make the graph colorful! 5. Try to use computers if possible

  42. In-Class Assignment 1.4 A survey shows that, in your neighborhood; 75 people ride the bus; 45 drive their own cars; 25 people use a moped; and 5 people walk to school. Make three different graphs to visually display this information. Remember to include title, legend, and any other important information. Use colored pencils or markers.

  43. Chapter 1Lesson 5 (extra) “Running an Experiment”

  44. I. Controlled Experiment A. Def – organized way to test a hypothesis. 1. Only one variable may be changed –standard for comparison –only thing that is different –variable changed = control

  45. B. Constants 1. Def - Factors that are the same 2. Ex: brand, microwave, # of kernels C. Should be repeated several times D. Draw Conclusions

  46. II. Variables A. Ind. Variable / manipulated variable 1. Def – Factor adjusted by the experimenter. 2. Ex: Storage of popcorn before it was popped. B. Dep. Variable / Responding variable 1. Response to the Ind. Variable 2. Ex: # of kernels popped

  47. ***The dependent variable depends on the independent variable*** Variable = something that can be changed in an experiment

  48. Popcorn Experiment # of kernels = # of kernels Freshness = Freshness Brand = Brand Microwave = Microwave Time cooked = Time cooked Storage (room temp) = Storage (In freezer) *What is the manipulated Variable?  storage temperature

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