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The REACTIONARY Stage

The REACTIONARY Stage. THE DIRECTORY. THIRD STAGE 1795-1799 Thermidorian reaction Churches re-opened Jacobin clubs closed Politically corrupt / continued instability. THE DIRECTORY. Constitution of 1795 Executive branch - Five individuals Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

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The REACTIONARY Stage

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  1. The REACTIONARY Stage

  2. THE DIRECTORY • THIRD STAGE • 1795-1799 • Thermidorian reaction • Churches re-opened • Jacobin clubs closed • Politically corrupt / continued instability

  3. THE DIRECTORY • Constitution of 1795 • Executive branch - Five individuals • Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès • 1795 – inflation / bread riots • “Confidence from below; authority from above” - Sieyès

  4. THE NAPOLEONIC ERA 1799-1815

  5. OBJECTIVES • Identify NAPOLEON - the man, myth, legend • Discuss Napoleon’s paradoxical rise and fall from power • Enlightened? OR Despotic? • Hero? OR Tyrant?

  6. NAPOLEON BIOGRAPHY • Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) • (r. 1799-1815) • “Little Corporal” • Island of Corsica • Workaholic, military genius, revolutionary leader, meglomanic

  7. NAPOLEON TAKES POWER • “I found the crown of France lying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword” – Napoleon I

  8. “I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.” - Napoleon

  9. NAPOLEON RISES TO POWER • 1784 - 85 - École Militaire – French Military School (Second-Lieutenant – artillery) • 1789 – French Revolution (Corsica) • 1793 – Siege of Toulon - Brigadier general • 1796 – Commander of the French Army in Italy • 1796-1797 – Italian Campaigns • 1798-99 – Egyptian Expedition

  10. NAPOLEON MILITARY COUP • November 9, 1799 • 18th Brumaire • coup d'état – strike against the state – seizure of power • 3 man executive - Consulate • First Consul (1799-1804) • Stability and Order • New Constitution • 4th since 1789 • All Power to Napoleon

  11. NAPOLEON’S CONSTITUTION Universal male suffrage (age 21) Referendum – Plebiscite “Yes” or “No” 3 House Legislature (Council, Senate, Tribune) Roman influence Senate appointed by Napoleon Plebiscite Vote – 3 million to 1500 ?????

  12. NAPOLEON’S GOVERNMENT • Council of State • Proposed laws • Tribune • Debated laws but did not vote on them • Legislature • Voted on laws but did not discuss or propose them • Senate • Had the right to veto legislation

  13. EMPEROR NAPOLEON • 1804 – plebiscite • People vote to make Napoleon EMPEROR • Coronation of Napoleon and Empress Josephine • Notre Dame Cathedral • Seized crown from the Pope VII (r. 1800-1823)

  14. EARLY SUCCESSES • Napoleonic Code (1804) • Bank of France (1800) • Concordat with the Pope (1801) • Legion of Honor (1802) • Public Education, roads, sewer system, tax structure • Careers open to talent • Religious toleration • Ends serfdom • “Son of the revolution”

  15. CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY • Secret Police – surveillance of political dissenters • Censorship – 73 newspapers to 13 • Coins, engravings, histories, paintings, monuments • Glorification of France and Napoleon

  16. NAPOLEON THE CONQEROR • Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) • Abolished the Holy Roman Empire • Continental System – blockade British goods • Defeat - Prussian & Austrian Armies • Conquered Italy • Through treaties and force Napoleon controls ALL of Europe EXCEPT?

  17. BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR • 1805 • Off the coast of Spain • British fleet defeat Spanish and French • British led by Horatio Nelson

  18. THE DEATH OF NELSON

  19. PENINSULAR WAR • 1808-1814 • Iberian Peninsula • Napoleon invades Portugal • Continental system – forbade British goods • “Spanish Ulcer” • Napoleon’s brother = King Joseph of Spain

  20. FALL OF NAPOLEON • 1812 Russia breaks Continental System • Trade w/ Great Britain • Tsar Alexander I (r. 1801-1825) • NAPOLEON INVADES RUSSIA

  21. INVASION OF RUSSIA • Grande Armée (500,000 – 750,000) • Russia – Scorched Earth Policy • Moscow burns • Napoleon waits 6 weeks – RETREAT • One of the greatest tactical blunders in history • Grande Armée decimated – 10,000 survived?

  22. INVASION OF RUSSIA Charles Joseph Minard

  23. EXILE • Battle of Nations (1813) Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia defeat Napoleon Leipzig • Abdicates throne • Exiled to the Island of Elba – off the coast of Italy • Napoleon escapes returns to France

  24. NAPOLEON DEFEAT Waterloo June 18, 1815 PRUSSIAN General Blücher BRITISH DukeofWellington

  25. 100 DAYS • March 1, 1815 • Returns to France • Raises an army – Louis XVIII fled • FINAL DEFEAT – Battle of Waterloo • June 18, 1815 • Exiled to St. Helena

  26. Leipzig Waterloo ELBA Trafalgar ST. HELENA(W Coast of Africa)

  27. DEATH OF NAPOLEON • May 5, 1821 • Age 52 • Stomach Cancer? • Arsenic Murder? • Buried on St. Helena • Body returned to Paris 1840

  28. NAPOLEON’S TOMB • Les Invalides (An va lead) • 6 Coffins – iron, mahogany, lead, lead, ebony, oak • Completed in 1861 • Surrounded by 12 pillars of victory

  29. “To die is nothing but to live defeated without glory is to die every day” - Napoleon

  30. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT? • Monarchs who incorporate some of the ideas of the Enlightenment as well as enhancing their own power. • Which of Napoleon’s policies and accomplishments were Enlightened and which were Despotic?

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