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Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Co-chair, BU Energy Committee Member, BU Sustainability Committee gevelber@bu.edu. Results of BU Energy Audit Course Overview of US Building Energy Use

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Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings

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  1. Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Co-chair, BU Energy Committee Member, BU Sustainability Committee gevelber@bu.edu • Results of BU Energy Audit Course • Overview of US Building Energy Use • Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Commercial Buildings • Residential: Perform your own energy audit

  2. P V H H Advanced Control Research Application Areas Plasma Spray: TBC’s & Fuel Cells Crystal Growth Ebeam deposition: optical coatings Electrospinning: nanofiber

  3. What’s Global Warming & What Causes it?

  4. 2009 2008 2010 Summary of Findings from GE 520/MN 500: “Energy Audit/Conservation Analysis of BU’s Charles River Campus” Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering, co-chair BU energy working group, member of BU Sustainability Comm & CEESI

  5. Results of 2007 Energy Audit Total Energy Use Energy Intensity (Per Sq Foot) 18% Increase in Energy Intensity 68% Growth in Energy Use Natural gas Electricity • What are the reasons for these trends? • What can be done to reverse these trends? Light oil Cleveland, C. (2007, Oct 24). Energy and Emissions Footprint: Boston University Charles River Campus. Presentation to the BU Energy Club. Heavy oil

  6. Building Energy Use by FuelCharles River Campus 2005-2007 Energy Supply 106 kBtu Energy Expenses

  7. Overview of US Building Energy Use

  8. Residential 22% Commercial 19% Industrial 31% Transportation 28% Energy Use/Inefficiencies of US End-Use Sectors In Quads Waste 12.4(57%) 21.6 9.2 Buildings account for ~40% of energy use! 73% of electricity use Waste 11.7(63%) 18.5 6.7 Waste 31.2 12 (39%) Major opportunity is focusing on efficiences 19.2 Waste 21(75%) 27.9 6.9 Based on llnl energy flow charts

  9. Energy Use/Inefficiencies in Residential and Commercial Sectors Waste (Q) Input (Quads) Residential 11.5 Q Direct Use 21.6 Quads Total 22% of U.S. Energy use Heating ~58% of direct 31% overall Direct Waste: 2.3 (20%) Electricity Waste: 10.2 Total: 12.5 (57%) Electricity: 4.7 direct (Electricity Generation Waste: 10.2) Heating Gas: 5 Oil:1.2 Biomass: .5 Total: 21.6 Waste Use 9.2 to end-use (43%) Direct waste assumes 80% combustion efficiency. Question: Is that really the total waste? Electricity: 4.6 (Electricity Generation Waste: 10) Heating Gas: 3.2 Oil: 0.6 Coal and Biomass: 0.1 Total: 18.5 Commercial 8.6 Quads Direct 18.5 Quads Total 19% of U.S. Energy use Heating ~ 45% overall Direct Waste: 1.7 (20%) Electricity Waste: 10 Total: 11.7 (63%) Waste Use 6.7 to end-use (37%) Where are the opportunities for greater efficiency? * 1 Quad (Q) = 1015 BTU

  10. Energy Savings: Solving for the Hidden Costs of HVAC Achieving Energy Efficiency in Existing Commercial Buildings Our Focus: HVAC is50-70% of ALL energy used in mid/large size buildings Strategy: Reduce high air flow rates which were implemented when energy was cheap. • Our Solution • Develop new tool to re-optimize HVAC control • This is not addressed by current tools • Based on real buildings, experience and data Professor Gevelber & Professor Wroblenski BU Mechanical Engineering Funded by MA Clean Energy Center

  11. Boston University team Aeolus: MIT Clean Energy Contest -Winners of Energy Efficiency track. 2013

  12. Residential: Perform Your Own Energy Audit

  13. How to Become an Energy Detective: Help save the world and make some money at the same time Prof. Michael Gevelber Michael Cannamela, Ph.D Candidate, Mechanical Engineering

  14. Home Energy Audit

  15. How much energy and carbon your household uses and for what end-uses? How much money you spend on different forms of energy? Helps to understand what efficiency investments have good payback? What is the relative efficiency [kbtu/ft2] of your house? Which areas can more easily be made more efficient?

  16. Why focus on energy: what problems does the US face? • Limited energy supply & global politics • U.S. is only 5% of world population but consumes 20% of world energy • Pollution and Green House Gas emissions • $ energy is getting more expensive

  17. How do we know where to focus? • What major fuels/energy do we use • Electricity - fuel: combustion - oil -natural gas - gasoline • What are the major end-use applications • House - transportation - fuel - electricity

  18. Total Annual Energy Cost • Being more energy efficient to reduce our carbon footprint also saves $$$$

  19. How’s Goldner’s class doing in terms of GHG emissions? But how can we do better?

  20. Where should we focus on to reduce energy use?

  21. Energy Use in Your House • How compare relative efficiency? KBTU/sqft • What forms of energy do you use in your house? • What are you using this energy for?

  22. Household Electricity Use • What are some ways to increase the efficiency of your electricity use? • What are the major uses of electricityin your house?

  23. Household Natural Gas Use • What are the best ways to increase the efficiency of your gas use? • What are the major uses of Natural Gas?

  24. Distribution of CO2 Sources • Where should we focus?

  25. Where focus to reduce energy costs? What’s surprising?

  26. The Importance of Screening Data

  27. Here is a histogram of the annual gasoline usage of those who participated in the home energy audits. • Do these values make sense? What would be a good way to go about estimating someone’s average gasoline usage per year?

  28. In order to estimate someone’s average gasoline usage, you would need to know: how many vehicles they use, how many miles those vehicles can travel with one gallon of gasoline (mpg), and how many miles they travel in a year. • For example: Someone has 1 car, that gets 20 mpg, and they travel 15000 miles/year. They would use: 15000 (miles/year) / 20 (mpg) = 750 (gallons/year). • Or: Someone has 1 car, that gets 12 mpg, and they travel 30000 miles/year. They would use: 30000 (miles/year) / 12 (mpg) = 2500 (gallons / year)

  29. Here is that same histogram with the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) estimates on average annual gasoline usage.

  30. Here is a histogram of the areas of the different houses that participated in the home energy audits. • Do all of these values make sense?

  31. To put things in perspective, Bill Gates’ largest house is a 66,000 ft^2 mansion in Washington (2).

  32. In order to determine if these values are valid, it might help to look at the Energy Usage Index (EUI). This is a measure of how much energy is used per year, per square foot (kBtu/yr/ft^2). • As a reference, the Massachusetts average has been added to the plot. How would an increase in area of a house change the EUI? Do you think the energy usage increase as well?

  33. The house with the largest area corresponds to the house with the lowest EUI. What does this tell you about the data? Same house

  34. BU Energy Use: LSEB (468) Photonics (336) SMG (220) 140 BSR (140) - Focus on high energy density buildings NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly)

  35. Original Estimate Updated • Reduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs) • Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air • Find volume of air exhausted • Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted • Estimated Savings • 11% of total oil ($7,400) • 7% of total electric. ($10,900) • Estimated Implementation Cost • $17,500—about 1 year payback • $17.5k to Andover • The rest is Rebalance! Was it needed? Estimate of Potential Setback Savings Cooling electricity savings Heating oil savings $12,522 21% 13% ~$20k $50k <2

  36. BU Energy Use: LSEB (468) Photonics (336) SMG (220) 140 BSR (140) - Focus on high energy density buildings NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly)

  37. Original Estimate Updated • Reduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs) • Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air • Find volume of air exhausted • Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted • Estimated Savings • 11% of total oil ($7,400) • 7% of total electric. ($10,900) • Estimated Implementation Cost • $17,500—about 1 year payback • $17.5k to Andover • The rest is Rebalance! Was it needed? Estimate of Potential Setback Savings Cooling electricity savings Heating oil savings $12,522 21% 13% ~$20k $50k <2

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