Slavery and The War Between the States

1. Slavery and The War Between the States

2. Antebellum Northwest Ordinance 3/5th Compromise 20 year moratorium on slave trade Missouri Compromise (1820) Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator Fredrick Douglas/ North Star Underground Railroad Wilmot Proviso The 1850's: Decade of Crisis Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Uncle Tom's Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act Demise of the Whig Party Emergence of the Republican Party Dred Scott decision and Lecompton crisis Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858 John Brown's raid The election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln The secession crisis During and After the Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Black Soldiers- 54th Massachusetts You Need to Know

3. Civil War DBQ: • To what extent was the secession of the Southern states • the result of the breakdown in the legacy of compromise • beginning with the constitutional convention?

4. DBQ Outline Introduction- History of Slavery in the United States has been a history of compromise The conflict between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in America resulted in the decision of the Southern states to secede. • I- Constitution and Compromises Before 1950

5. Missouri Compromise 1820

6. Missouri Compromise: • 1818 settlers in Missouri territory requested admission to the Union • The question rose, should it be a slave state or a free state? • Henry Clay- leader in Congress from Kentucky – • Conflict emerged between Southern and Northern groups. • He created a compromise- to allow equal number of slave and free states • Maine enters as a free state and Missouri enters as a slave state. • Provided for the entrance of new states in the Louisiana Purchase, Slavery is not allowed above 36º 30’

7. Abolitionism • Extremist movement in the North to end Slavery (Christian based) • Saw slavery as a moral issue clearly wrong/evil • Religious foundations • Massachusetts- key- location • Agitated for end of slavery • Wanted to stop the spread of slavery in the Expansion of the country

8. Abolitionist Movement: • The movement to end slavery and free African Americans • 100 plus societies in the North • Some suggested that Former slaves be resettled in Africa • Some said former slaves remain in US as free citizens • William Lloyd Garrison was one Abolitionist, published a newspaper The Liberator • His paper advocated and called for immediate emancipation • Fredrick Douglas was a former slave, well educated and advocated the end of Slavery at any means possible.

9. Douglas Garrison Abolitionists

10. Underground Railroad: • Secret group of abolitionists who helped runaway slaves travel to Canada • Harriet Tubman- former slave helped people escape North

11. Wilmot Proviso • Amendment- to the settlement of Mexican American War • Said no slavery allowed in land obtained from Mexico- • California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico… • (It did not pass the Senate) • Crittenden Compromise (is similar)

12. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 • Abolitionist propaganda • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Novel designed to create anger among population • Novel inflamed tensions and anger over Slavery by both North and South

13. map • California • Popular Sovereignty- in Former Mexican land • Fugitive Slave Law • Wilmot Proviso fails

14. Compromise of 1850: • Clay and Webster • States entering the Union, California • Compromise between Northern and Southern powers in Congress • California enters the Union as a free state • South gets a new Fugitive Slave Law said escaped slaves could be recaptured in the North and that people helping slaves could be prosecuted- $1000 fine and 6 months in jail. • Slavery and Popular Sovereignty Territories that are ready for statehood could decide if they wanted slavery

15. Fugitive Slave Law: • Slaves that escape, were to be arrested and returned to their owners • Anyone convicted of helping a fugitive slave was liable for a fine of $1000. and imprisonment for up to six months

18. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Kansas Nebraska Act 1854: Very important • Sponsored by Senator Steven Douglas of Illinois • Wanted to pass a railroad bill- had to appease Southern interests • Repealed the Missouri Compromise- now slavery would be allowed in Louisiana Purchase- if requirements were met • Said that territories of Kansas and Nebraska could decide through a vote of the people if they wanted slavery or not (Popular Sovereignty)

19. Kansas-Nebraska Act • Consequences: • Destroys and divides the Whig party • Divides Northern Democrats- those that don’t want the expansion of slavery leave party create an new and different Republican Party • Causes fighting in Kansas- Pro-slavery factions (from Missouri) vs Anti-Slavery Factions from North East (John Brown begins there) • Two territorial governments are formed- one slave one free, this is a mini civil war known as “Bleeding Kansas”

20. Emergence of Republican Party 1854 • As people began to be more intolerant and sensitive to slavery a new political party developed. • Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act and spread of slavery in the territories • The party becomes an “umbrella group” United a number of anti-slavery groups- abolitionists, Free Soiliers, Whigs, Democrats, Know Nothings

21. How did the South receive the Dredd Scott Case? Why does John Brown scare the hell out of the Southerners?

22. Why did the Dredd Scott Case cause so much anger in the North?

23. Dred Scott Case 1857 • Dred Scott was a slave who lived in Missouri • His owner took him to Illinois and Wisconsin and back to Missouri • Scott brought a law suit for his freedom, it went to the Supreme Court • He argued that he had lived in a free state and therefore he should be free. • The (Taney) court ruled against Scott “Scott lacked legal standing to sue in Federal Court because he was not, nor ever could be a citizen.” • “Being in free territory did not make a slave free.” • The court cited the 5th amendment that protects property, including slaves.

24. Constitutional Justifications: US Constitution Article 4 section 2- “No person held to service or labor in one state… escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor…” US Constitution, Article 4, section 3- “the Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the Territory or other property belonging to the United States…” (Dissenting argument) Key point: The Dred Scott Case strengthened and expanded Slave owners’ rights- Caused the rejection of all the slavery related compromises- now slavery could take place in free states. Dredd Scott

26. Why does John Brown scare the hell out of the Southerners?

28. John Brown was a radical abolitionist He wanted slaves to rise up and take their freedom He and 21 other, both white and black attacked the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry and was defeated, tried and executed Caused reaction both in the North and South, some Northerners celebrated Brown’s actions The South became outraged and convinced that they could not live safely with the North- they became convinced that the North wanted slave rebellion. John Brown’s Raid 1859

29. Lincoln • Lincoln’s Election (page 163-64) • Lincoln, a Congressman from Illinois, first ran for Senate against Douglas- lost- • Lincoln believed Slavery was Immoral • Slavery in the territories should be disallowed • Believed slavery should be abolished with a constitutional amendment

30. Lincoln Douglas Debates 1856 • He gained notoriety from the Senatorial election in Illinois (Lincoln Douglas debates) • In those debates he put forth the idea that The concept of Equality voiced in the Declaration of Independence was meant for all human beings and that the government of the US should support this interpretation… • Philosophy • EQUALITY THROUGH CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS- meant protecting the established order but working for change in a clear, law abiding framework. • Mostly an anti-expansion of slavery moderate Republican

31. Lincoln View • All humans deserve freedom. “All me are born equally free. The natural right to human liberty applied to all people. Where no law established slavery, freedom prevailed.” • (Territories)

32. Lincoln • 1860 Republicans nominated Lincoln for president • He tried to reassure the South by stating, A Republican administration would not “Interfere with their slaves, or with them about their slaves.”

33. Democrats split into Two North- Stephen Douglas- pro-compromise South- Breckenridge- the Southern candidate Republican Umbrella Group: Northern Anti-Slavery Democrats Anti-Immigration “Know Nothings” Former Whigs Abolitionists extremists Election of 1860

34. Victories by Slave Holding States Dread Scott Decision Fighting in Kansas over Slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act Compromise of 1850 Enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act What factors persuaded the North to elect Republicans?

35. Why does the Election results of 1860 cause the Southern states to secede?

36. The 37th Congress was elected in 1860 Republicans House = 105; Senate = 31 DemocratsHouse = 43; Senate = 10 The 38th Congress in 1862 RepublicansHouse = 102; Senate = 36 Democrats House = 75; Senate = 9 Election of 1860

37. Secession Crisis • Southern states fearing the end of slavery and the limitations of their rights as states, decide to leave the Union and created their own government • First to go: • South Carolina Dec. 1860 • Mississippi • Florida • Alabama • Georgia • Louisiana • Texas…

38. Buchanan, 15th President • Buchanan was weak, an apologist for the South  • “The south was in no real danger because Lincoln would be restrained by Congress.  The president would have to follow the dictates of the federal courts, which sustained slavery in the territories and the fugitive slave law.” • If the South did secede, the president lacked the constitutional power to stop it. • Perhaps a constitutional convention to pass an amendment protecting slavery in any state that now had or should later want it would calm things… would help.

39. Northern Democrats • said: • “If a state secedes, it is revolution and the seceders are traitors. Those who are charged with the executive branch of government are recreant to their oaths if they fail to use all lawful means to put down such rebellion” • Some senators looked back to Andrew Jackson, regarding the South Carolina nullification issue, “By the eternal, I will hang them.” • “Oh for one hour of Jackson!”

40. Lincoln Before Inauguration wrote privately after the election explaining he would: • Not interfere with slavery where it existed • Would favor the end of opposition to the fugitive slave law • Had no intention of using the power over interstate commerce to touch slavery • He desperately wanted to avert a conflict; • He said, “Each and all of the states will be left in as complete control of their own affairs respectively and at as perfect liberty to choose, employ, their own means of preserving and protecting property, and preserving peace and order…” • He and others both North and South Democrats wanted one more compromise. • Moderate Republicans helped negotiate with moderate Southern and Northern Democrats

41. Crittenden Compromise: • Slavery within the states to be protected from national government interference • The revival of the Missouri Compromise line 3630’- extended to the Pacific • No interference with interstate slave trade • Slaveholders who lost runaways to Northern states to be compensated • Attempt was made to reassure the south and protect slavery • Republicans don’t allow it. Compromise was dead.

42. Last Word From Lincoln • However, Lincoln would not compromise on the issues of Expansion of Slavery and he clearly made a concerted commitment to the concept of equality and associate this with African Americans!: • “ Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery.” • “There is no possible compromise upon it… hold firm as with a chain of steel.” • “ I will be inflexible on the territorial question, I am for fighting again- that is all.” • Southerners were correct that he intended to reverse slavery in the territories.

43. End of Compromise • “All hope of relief in the union, through the agency of committees, Congressional legislation or constitutional amendments is extinguished.”