Warm Up

1. Warm Up Which ad appeals to you the most? Why? Reminder: Unit 10 Vocabulary Quiz on Friday

2. Picturing Argument: Persuasion Through Pictures

3. Like written arguments, visual arguments: • Make claims • Stake out positions • Offer points of view • Visual evidence is the heart of the argument (you can see it, and we are more apt to believe what we see)

4. You’ve seen plenty of visual arguments… • Before & after weight loss product: • Makes a claim (if you use this product, you’ll look like the “after”) • First-person testimony (“younger, energetic, more beautiful than ever!”) Pictures + Carefully Selected Words = Persuasion!

5. Recognizing Arguments • Many visual ads (esp. in advertising) show results or warn of consequences. • Often shown through a visual metaphor, such as to the right (anti-drug poster). • What is the metaphor being shown here?

6. Recognizing Arguments • Another common and very effective tactic is juxtaposition—placing two things side by side to show a comparison/ contrast. • Weight loss (previous slide) • Ad to the right by the Episcopal Church • (What is being juxtaposed? What is the argument?)

7. Recognizing Arguments • Visual arguments (like written ones) can be the following genres: • Simple, complex, serious, comic, satirical/ironic • Which genres do the ads to the right use?

8. The Rhetoric of a Visual Argument • When you present a claim/state a position, don’t assumethat everyone is going to accept that position without question. • An argument must present reasons for an audience to consider the position as valid. Often, ad designs use visuals to convince readers without having to put the argument into words.

9. The Rhetoric of a Visual Argument • The visual choices depend on: • Audience (young, old, upper-class, middle-class, active, inactive, etc) • What the author wants to convey • What the author’s purpose is • What medium and genre the author selects (billboard, print ad; serious, humorous)

10. The Rhetoric of a Visual Argument • Remember: Argument means presenting a claim/positionalong with reasons or an explanation why readers should accept the legitimacy of that position. • But…”a picture is worth a thousand words.”

11. The Rhetoric of a Visual Argument • Often times, the advertiser’s job is to persuade potential customers to see a product in a particular way. • Examine the Chrysler ad on the next screen. The left ad was from Outside Magazine; the right from Newsweek.

12. The Rhetoric of a Visual Argument • The expanded explanation of the central equation (Drive=Love) changes somewhat each time the advertiser aims at a differentaudience, but the image of the open road and the Chrysler vehicle is very much the same in each ad.

13. Using Words & Images to Argue a Point • Almost always ads combine images with words, and often the words shape the way we read images, like in the example. •  Makes an argument of authority; most recognize Einstein as an instant icon for intelligence. • Visual argument (Einstein) + written text (name + larger fonts for emphasis) = full argument • Ad appeals to emotion; we want to be associated with a great man (or other person of authority

14. How YOU Can Make a Visual Argument • You don’t need to be a professional photographer or designer, or even consider yourself “artistic” • The KEY is to let the visual carry as much of the message as possible. • The more familiar an image is, the more quickly your audience will get your meaning.

15. Identifying the argument • We will look at a series of print ads and commercials. For each advertisement answer the following: 1. Who is the audience? 2. What is the argument? 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across? 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

16. Ad #1 1. Who is the audience? 2. What is the argument? 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across? 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

17. Ad #2 1. Who is the audience 2. What is the argument 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across. 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

18. Ad #3 1. Who is the audience 2. What is the argument 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across. 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

19. Super. That’s how milk makes you feel. The calcium helps bones grow strong, so even if you’re not from Krypton you can have bones of steel. Ad #4 1. Who is the audience 2. What is the argument 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across. 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

20. Ad #5 1. Who is the audience 2. What is the argument 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across. 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

21. Ad #6 1. Who is the audience 2. What is the argument 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across. 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

22. Ad #5 When life is defined by performance, every day is game day. Start with GNC’s Mega Men Sport multivitamin. Formulated with a proprietary sports blend, it’s enhanced with antioxidants, ingredients for prostate and heart health, B-vitamins for energy production, plus amino acids for healthy muscles. Choose 100% Whey Protein, which provides 20 grams of high-quality protein, Triflex Sport to help rebuild cartilage and lubricate joints, and Double Strength Fish Body Oil to support a healthy cardiovascular system. It’s the program that will equip you for whatever game day brings you. Live Well. 1. Who is the audience 2. What is the argument 3. What are some of the devices used to get the point across. 4. What is the “genre” of this advertisement?

23. Warm Up**If you forgot to bring it, go get your Models for Writers book. • Pre-reading Question: For you, what is the difference between shame and guilt? Think of an example from your own experiences to illustrate your understanding of each concept. Reminder: Unit 10 Vocabulary Quiz on Friday

24. What is your opinion? How do you feel about “shaming” sentences?

25. Argumentative Essays “Condemn the Crime, Not the Person” By: June Tangney Page 566

26. Examining the Argument • Work with a partner to answer the following questions. 1. What makes this author a reliable source on the topic? 2. Identify the part of the essay that establishes the thesis. (This may be multiple sentences) 3. What argument is being made in that thesis? 4. Does the thesis identify the various topics that will be discussed? If so, what are those topics? 5. For Tangney what is the key difference between shame and guilt? Why does she believe that guilt works better than shame as a form of punishment? 6. Give 2 examples of evidence Tangney uses to support her claim. 7. How does Tangney address the opposing viewpoints? 8. Did you find Tangney’s argument convincing? Why or why not? Did it change your original opinion on shaming sentences?

27. Warm Up**If you forgot to bring it, go get your Models for Writers book. On Tuesday you read an essay arguing against the use of shaming sentences as punishment. Make a list of 3 reasons you might present if you were to argue in favor of public shaming. Reminder: Unit 10 Vocabulary Quiz on Friday

28. Argumentative Essays – The Counterargument “Shame is Worth a Try.” By Dan M. Kahan Page 571

29. Examining the Argument Work with a partner to answer the following questions. 1. What makes this author a reliable source on the topic? 2. Identify the part of the essay that establishes the thesis. (This may be multiple sentences) 3. What argument is being made in that thesis? 4. Does the thesis identify the various topics that will be discussed? If so, what are those topics? 5. What examples of shaming punishments does Kahan provide? For you, do these punishments seem to fit the crime? Explain 6. Besides examples of punishments, what other evidence does Kahan present to show that shaming punishments work? 7. According to Kahan, why have courts and legislators resisted alternative punishments such as fines and community service? 8. Did you find Kahan’s argument convincing? Why or why not?

30. What is an argumentative essay? An essay in which the writer makes a claim about a topic and uses evidence to support the claim. Claim: The writer’s position (for or against) on a problem or an issue.

31. Sample Thesis Statement Counterargument: representing the portion of the population that enjoys receiving cable services Claim: Informs the reader that this essay will address the benefits of using the internet for television services. Key transition word of thesis: leads into subtopics Subtopics: the 3 reasons to explain why internet services are preferable to cable. Although many people find cable to be a preferable source of entertainment, it is more advantageous to use internet services because it is more cost efficient, viewers can enjoy shows at their convenience, and services are not limited to the viewer’s home.

32. Thesis = Although (opposite side),(your opinion+ your three reasons) Although it is endorsed by many countries and military groups around the world, torture should never be used to extract informationbecause it is inhumane, barbaric, and could be used against American soldiers in retaliation. Although they are idolized by millions of people around the globe, actors and athletes should not be paid as highly as they are nowbecause they are not essential to the success of the nation, they often use their wealth in inappropriate ways, and they often do not work as long or as hard as other Americans.

33. Outline • Introduction – Essential background information should be presented + thesis • Paragraph 2 – What does the opposite side argue? What is your response? • Paragraphs 3-5 – What are your three reasons? • Paragraph 6 – Conclusion (Restate thesis + bigger picture/call to action)

34. Types of Evidence Facts vs. Opinion Facts/Data: this information can be proved/verified Ex. “82% of U.S. households have internet access.” Opinion: a statement of belief Ex. “I think every home should have internet access.” Even though an argumentative essay is based on your opinion of a subject, you should use facts to support your opinion. Evidence: the use of data and facts to support your claim in an argumentative essay.

35. What will you use as your evidence? • Quotes from experts (must be blended) • Statistics and Data • Paraphrased (expressing the main idea of a source in your own words) Remember: any information, quoted or paraphrased, must be cited using internal documentation.

36. Ethos • Credibility (or character) of the person you’re quoting Advertising: Celebrity endorsements For your paper: Quoting a doctor, expert

37. Pathos Connecting to the emotions of the audience Advertising: emotional music, pictures For your paper: a news report about people effected by the issue you are addressing

38. Logos • Appealing to an audience’s logic/intelligence In both advertising and your paper, this would be concrete data and statistics on a subject

39. Research and Citations • Remember to use reliable and current sources. • Internal documentation goes at the end of the sentence. (This is taken from the first word of the Works Cited citation) • Use citation machines like easybib.com to help you format your Works Cited page. • Works Cited Reminders: • Alphabetical order • Double spaced • Hanging indent • No numbers or bullets • 12 point Times New Roman like rest of paper.

40. Titles • The Dying Have Rights: Assisted Suicide as an Ethical Choice • Talk To Me: Computers Destroy Basic Communication Skills • Ten-and-Two: Hands on the Wheel, Not on the Phone • Caged and Controlled: Zoo Exploitation of Animals • A Weighty Tiara: The Dangers of Child Pageants and Modeling

41. Your research assignment… • Select from the provided list of “hot button” topics. • Write an argumentative essay supporting one of the sides of that issue. • You will have 2 days in the library to research for your essay. • You will be completing source cards, an outline, and a peer edit that will be a formative grade. • The essay is due May 17 for a summative

42. Using Your New Knowledge 1. Do you think Tangney or Kahan presents a more convincing argument? Explain. 2. Who do you consider to be a more reliable source on the topic? 3. In both essays do you notice more of an appeal to ethos, pathos, or logos. Give examples of where these are used. 4. Look back at your original responses to thesis statements of the essays. Identify the paragraphs that contain the thesis and rewrite them as the divided three part thesis that we discussed.