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Figure 16.1 Cladograms depicting relationships among the families of extant salamanders. Left: Phylogenetic reconstruction based on combined morphological and molecular data for 32 amphibians, 28 of which were salamanders (Wiens et al., 2005). Right: Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 3747 unambiguously aligned base pairs of one mitochondrial and four nuclear genes sampled from 171 amphibians, 27 of which were salamanders (Roelants et al., 2007). Both cladograms redrawn from originals for uniformity, and only salamander families are included.
Figure 16.2 Geographic distribution of the extant Cryptobranchidae.
Figure 16.3 Representative cryptobranchid and hynobiid salamanders. From left: Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, Cryptobranchidae (L. J. Vitt); Gensan salamander Hynobius leechi, Hynobiinae (L. L. Grismer).
Figure 16.4 Geographic distribution of the extant Hynobiidae.
Figure 16.5 Geographic distribution of the extant Sirenidae.
Figure 16.6 Representative sirenid salamander. Greater siren Siren lacertina (L. J. Vitt).
Figure 16.7 Geographic distributions of the extant Ambystomatidae (includes Dicamptodon).
Figure 16.8 Representative ambystomatid salamanders. Clockwise from upper left: Idaho giant salamander Dicamptodon aterrimus (W. Leonard); ringed salamander Ambystoma annulatum (J. P. Caldwell); small-mouthed salamander Ambystoma texanum (J. P. Caldwell); tiger salamander Ambystoma rigrinum (J. P. Caldwell).
Figure 16.9 Geographic distribution of the extant Salamandridae.
Figure 16.10 Representative salamandrid salamanders. From left: Eastern newt Notophthalmus viridescens, Salamandrinae (L. J. Vitt); Himalayan newt Tylotriton verrucosus, Pleurodelinae (K. Nemuras).
Figure 16.11 Geographic distributions of the extant Rhyacotritonidae and Proteidae.
Figure 16.12 Lewis's water dog Necturus lewisi, Proteidae (R. W. Van Devender).
Figure 16.13 Representative rhyacotritonid salamander. Cascade torrent salamander Rhyacotriton cascadae, Rhyacotritonidae (W. Leonard).
Figure 16.14 Geographic distribution of the extant Amphiumidae.
Figure 16.15 Representative amphiumid salamander. Three-toed amphiuma Amphiuma tridactylum, Amphiumidae (R. W. Van Devender).
Figure 16.16 Geographic distribution of the extant Plethodontidae.
Figure 16.17 Representative plethodontid salamanders. Clockwise from upper left: Western slimy salamander Plethodon albagula, Plethodontinae (J. P. Caldwell); red salamander Pseudotriton ruber, Spelerpinae (L. J. Vitt); cave salamander Eurycea lucifuga, Spelerpinae (J. P. Caldwell); unnamed tropical salamander Bolitoglossa sp., Bollitoglossinae (J. P. Caldwell).
