Session

1. Session Introduction to Plagiarism

2. Topic Outline • Academic Integrity • Intentional • Unintentional • Paraphrasing • Direct Quotes • Original Ideas

3. Plagiarism

4. http://gladstone.vsb.bc.ca/library/cheating/

5. Real-Life Examples Plagiarism is an issue in the academic environment and beyond. As the following real-life examples demonstrate, using information without crediting its original source can harm your credibility.

6. Example #1 During the 2008 Canadian federal election campaign, it was revealed that a speech given by Stephen Harper had been plagiarized from a speech given by the Australian prime minister in 2003. The colour coded text on the next slide highlights the dramatic similarity between the two texts.

7. Example #1 Harper staffer quits over plagiarized 2003 speech on Iraq Australian Prime Minister John Howard said: “As the possession of weapons of mass destruction spreads, so the danger of such weapons coming into the hands of terrorist groups will multiply. That is the ultimate nightmare which the world must take decisive and effective steps to prevent. Possession of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons by terrorists would constitute a direct, undeniable and lethal threat to Australia and its people.” Stephen Harper said: "As the possession of weapons of mass destruction spreads, the danger of such weapons coming into the hands of terrorist groups will multiply, particularly given in this case the shameless association of Iraq with rogue non-state organizations. That is the ultimate nightmare which the world must take decisive and effective steps to prevent. Possession of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons by terrorists would constitute a direct, undeniable and lethal threat to the world, including to Canada and its people." Source: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canadavotes/story/2008/09/30/rae-harper.html. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2009.

8. Example #2 Accusations of plagiarism also damaged the credibility of Stephane Dion’s campaign during the same election. Dion’s Green Shift plan incorporated the advice and knowledge of environmental experts around the world. However, his report failed to credit one of its most prominent sources, David Suzuki. On the next slide, compare Suzuki’s original text with Dion’s report.

9. Example #2 Excerpts from Suzuki’s report: Across Canada, air pollution causes thousands of premature deaths, tens of thousands of hospitalizations, and hundreds of thousands of days absent from work and school annually. The Ontario Medical Association (OMA) estimated that there were 5,800 premature deaths due to air pollution in Ontario alone in 2005. Excerpts from Dion’s Report: In Canada, air pollution causes thousands of premature deaths, tens of thousands of hospitalizations, and hundreds of thousands of days absent from work and school annually.The Ontario Medical Association issued a report in 2005 saying that every year 5,800 Ontarians will die prematurely because of smog related illness... Excerpt from:Stephane Dion's Clean Air Plan rips off a David Suzuki Foundation report – Steve Janke, Sept. 4, 2008 (Angry in the Great White North blog) http://stevejanke.com/archives/195299.php

10. Topic Explanation Video • The following video explains briefly what is plagiarism. • Take note of the key points. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8z8wgHubUQ

11. What exactly is plagiarism? • From Webster's Third New International Dictionary:Plagiarize - \'pla-je-,riz also j - -\ vb -rized; -riz·ing vt [plagiary] : to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (a created production) without crediting the source vi: to commit literary theft: present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.

12. Plagiarism Is! By definition ... Plagiarism means using another’s work without giving them credit and saying that it is your own From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

13. Plagiarism also defined as… cheating or deception. If you attempt to use another person's work as if it were your own, without adequate acknowledgement of the original source; and if this is done in work that you submit for a grade then you are attempting to deceive your teacher, your parents, or anyone reading the paper. In other words, plagiarism is cheating and it is deceitful in that you are trying to claim the credit for something that is not your work.

14. Students. If: You have probably plagiarized! • you have included the words and ideas of others in your work that you neglected to cite, • you have had help you wouldn’t want your teacher to know about,

15. Intentional Copying a friend’s work Buying or borrowing papers Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting Media “borrowing”without documentation Web publishing without permissions of creators Unintentional Careless paraphrasing Poor documentation Quoting excessively Failure to use your own “voice” Two types of plagiarism:

16. Why is plagiarism wrong? *If you plagiarize, you are cheating yourself. You don't learn to write out your thoughts in your own words, and you don't get specific feedback geared to your individual needs and skills. Plagiarism is dishonest because it misrepresents the work of another as your own. *Unintentional plagiarism is still cheating.

17. Academic Integrity Rationale • When you copy you cheat yourself. You limit your own learning. • The consequences are not worth the risks! • It is only right to give credit to authors whose ideas you use • Citing gives authority to the information you present • Citing makes it possible for your readers to locate your source • Education is not an “us vs. them” game! It’s about learning to learn! • Cheating is unethical behavior Is your academic reputation valuable to you?

18. Is this important? • What if: • Your architect cheated his way through math class. Will your new home be safe? • Your doctor cheated his way through surgical techniques class. Would he remove your appendix or spleen? How much would it matter? • Your lawyer paid for a copy of the bar exam to study. Will the contract she wrote for you stand up in court? • The accountant who does your taxes hired someone to write his papers and paid a stand-in to take his major tests? Does he know enough to complete your tax forms properly? (Lathrop and Foss 87)

19. What is Plagiarism • Three Types of Plagiarism – • Direct Quotes • Paraphrasing • Unique ideas

20. Direct Quotes • If you use someone else’s writing without putting it in quotes, you have blatantly plagiarized. • Even if you add the source in your bibliography, it is still plagiarism.

21. Paraphrasing • Be careful about rewriting someone else’s words. If your sentences use many of the same words and grammatical structure as the original source, it could be construed as plagiarism. Just put the text in your own words.

22. Original Idea • Give credit to unique ideas others have thought up. • If you present the ideas of another without crediting them, you have plagiarized them. • Obvious ideas, like know facts, don’t have to be credited. • When in doubt, attribute.

23. Do I have to cite everything?

24. How To Avoid Plagiarism Video • The following video explains briefly how to avoid plagiarism. • Take note of the key points. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agyJDFe5fXI

25. Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism • Always put quotes from text in quotations. Never forget to do this as this is the easiest way to get accused of plagiarism.

26. When Paraphrasing… • Be sure you are not just rearranging or replacing words. • Rewrite the phrase in your own words and credit the original source. • Double check what you have wrote by comparing it with the original writing.

27. Paraphrasing Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/ Good paraphrases… 1) change the order & structure of sentences 2) use synonyms/different forms of words 3) may change the voice or perspective

28. Paraphrasing Good paraphrases…1) change the order & structure of sentences Source: Mueller RO and Hancock GR. (2001). Factor Analysis and Latent Structure: Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (pp. 5239-5244). Oxford, England: Pergamon.

29. Paraphrasing ORIGINAL Optimizing peak bone mass during the early years is thought to be a key factor in preventing osteoporosis later in life. PARAPHRASETo prevent osteoporosis, experts believe it is important tobuild bone mass before adulthood (Johnson et al., 2008). Johnson, C.S., MeLeod, W., Kennedy, L., and McLeod, K. (2008).Osteoporosis Health Beliefs Among Younger and Older Men and Women [Electronic version]. Health Education & Behavior 35(5)721-733. Good paraphrases… 2) use synonyms/different forms of words

30. Paraphrasing DOER of the action is in the object position (PASSIVE) DOER is the subject of the sentence (ACTIVE) Good paraphrases… 3) change the voice (from passive to active)

31. Paraphrasing Good paraphrases also… 4) draw from multiple sources • Avoid drawing from single source 5) do not change the author’s meaning or intent • Check and compare • Did you get the ideas right? • Underline any words echoed directly from the source 6) cite the source accurately • Put the citation immediately where the paraphrase occurs

32. Avoid Danger Spots • Don’t surf to paper mills. • Don’t use the Web to look for “easy’ paper sources. • Don’t turn in other students papers as your own.

33. How to Avoid Plagiarism… Use your own words and ideas Alwaysgive credit to the source where you have received your information If you use someone’s exact words - put them in quotes and give credit using in-text citations. Include the source in your references From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

34. How to Avoid Plagiarism… If you have paraphrased someone’s work, (summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words)-always give credit Take very good notes--write down the source as you are taking notes. Do not wait until later to try and retrieve the original source Avoid using someone else’s work with minor “cosmetic” changes From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

35. Strategies to avoid plagiarism • Practice good research methods • Know how to quote • Know how to cite • Know when something is common knowledge • Know how to paraphrase

36. Good research methods • Be careful about paraphrasing while taking notes • Be sure to keep track of each source you use • Indicate in your notes which ideas are taken from sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME) • Record all of the relevant documentation information in your notes

37. Know how to quote …. • Mention the name of the quoted person in your text • Put quotation marks around the text you are quoting • Use brackets ([ ]) and ellipses ( … ) • Use block quotes when necessary • Quote sparingly

38. Cite your sources • Why should you cite your sources? • Citations show you have done research • As a courtesy to your reader • Your arguments become stronger when you can back them up • Ensures others receive fair credit for their work

39. Could it be Plagiarism? When in doubt, cite it!

40. Anti-Plagiarism Software • Students will submit with each assessment, a plagiarism report that includes the level of material obtained from other sources. • A maximum of 10% is acceptable only. • 1.Download the free software from the www.scanmyessay.com website.2.Install 'Viper' on your computer • file:///H:/Data/MSIT/res401a/Report_Australian%20Mining%20Culture%20PPT%20Notes%20docx%20%282%29.html

41. Viper Report Example • Refer to the example of a Viper anti-plagiarism report: • Note: • Website location & title • Words – matched, %, unique words • Report content – highlighted text • Total % of plagiarism.

42. Quick quiz You have committed plagiarism if you: a) Make use of the works of others to gather information.  b) Use the work of another and misrepresent it as your own.  c) Make use of the works of others to support your own arguments.  d) Examine the ideas and arguments of others to help you shape your own thoughts or views on a particular issue.  Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/

43. Quick quiz You have committed plagiarism if you: a) Make use of the works of others to gather information.  b) Use the work of another and misrepresent it as your own.  c) Make use of the works of others to support your own arguments.  d) Examine the ideas and arguments of others to help you shape your own thoughts or views on a particular issue.  Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/

44. Quick quiz You have a brilliant brainwave for a critical interpretation of an article you are writing about. But when reading another source, you see that the same idea is mentioned. It is your own idea too, so do you need to reference it? Yes. Great minds think alike, but even if you did think of the idea on your own you still need to reference the published source. Otherwise, readers will accuse you of plagiarism. You can use this source to support your argument, and you can try to show how your idea differs from the other author’s, but you still have to cite the other source.  No. If you come up with an idea on your own, you don’t have to cite the other source.  Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/

45. Quick quiz You have a brilliant brainwave for a critical interpretation of an article you are writing about. But when reading another source, you see that the same idea is mentioned. It is your own idea too, so do you need to reference it? Yes. Great minds think alike, but even if you did think of the idea on your own you still need to reference the published source. Otherwise, readers will accuse you of plagiarism. You can use this source to support your argument, and you can try to show how your idea differs from the other author’s, but you still have to cite the other source. No. If you come up with an idea on your own, you don’t have to cite the other source.  Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/

46. Topic Recap Video • The following video recaps on what has been covered in plagiarism and how to avoid it. • Also take note of the key points. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J89y4QPiVss

47. Next Session • Weekly Activity: Referencing Guides • There are 3 main in-text referencing systems used for citing original works: • Harvard • APA (American Psychological Association) • MLA (Modern Language Association) • Conduct an internet search to find suitable referencing guides applicable to each of these 3 referencing systems. • Based on the suitability of these guides, select a referencing system you would like to adopt for yourself. • When referencing using your adopted system, be consistent.