STAAR EOC REVIEW WORLD HISTORY

1. STAAR EOC REVIEWWORLD HISTORY UNIT 8 GUNPOWDER EMPIRES ANDCHINESE RENAISSANCE

2. MUSLIM GUNPOWDER EMPIRES • Improved upon gunpowder technology of the East Asia, developed cannons. • Shared Muslim beliefs, traditions, and forms which were based on previous Islamic elements: • After the decline of the Mongols/Yuan Dynasty regained control of Silk Road Trade, and then competed for dominance of the Mediterranean Sea & Indian Ocean trade

3. CULTURAL BLENDING • Culture blending between Turks, Persian, and other cultural groups. • They share some commonalities; however they were independent empires that often clash over trade and the Sunni-Shiite split. • Ottomans: • Sunni, Turkish • Ruled by a Sultan which rules over a Sultanate, utilized local administrator, and appointed viziers, • Built a strong navy, utilized Janissaries (conquered Christians boys) • Suleiman the Magnificent, peak of Ottoman power, expands into Eastern Europe but failed to take Vienna • Safavids: • Mostly Shiite, Persian • Ruled by a Shah • Rivals of the Ottomans • Mughals: • Sunni, Persians • Ruled by a Shah • Akbar the Great, promoted religious tolerance and the unification of Muslim and Hindu states

4. TAJ MAJAL & OTTOMAN DECLINE • In what ways does the TajMahal reflect Persian, Islamic and Indian styles? • TajMahal, symbol of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles, built as a tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife • Ottomans Decline • Spaniards and Venetians defeat Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto in the Mediterranean. • Decline of the importance of the Silk Road Trade as European trade goes overseas

5. Sikhism, blended Muslim and Hindu beliefs, • Key Beliefs • • Reincarnation • • Monotheism • • Meditation • • Moderation • • Equality under god • • Rejected caste system

6. CHINESE RENAISSANCE • Chinese Political System • Tang (618 -907) • • Recaptures lands of the Han, continues to Korea • • Strengthen central government • • Scholar-officials used to restore bureaucracy • • Civil Service Exam • Song (960-1279) • • Reunify empire minus western & northern lands • • Paid tributes of silver, silk, & tea to northern nomads • • Jurchen challenges force empire south of Huang He • • Ally with Mongols

7. Chinese Economic Development • Tang • Expand networks of roads & canals • Grand Canal connects major rivers and Beijing • Reduces taxes on peasants • Redistributes land to peasant from elites • Promoted foreign trade and agricultural improvement • China prospers • Military spending & overexpansion lead to decline because of overtaxing • Song • Use of 1st paper currency • fast-ripening rice Increases farm production

8. Chinese Cultural Developments • Tang • Schools used to train scholars in Confucianism, poetry • Feudal lords lose influence to Scholar-Gentry • Foreigners welcome • Buddhism spreads • Society becomes more mobile • Coastal Port cities grow • Social mobility increases • Song • Eliminated the use of forced labor • Continued many of the new innovations of the Tang

9. Mapping Skills • Analyze the expansion and contraction of the Tang & Song Dynasty using maps of period • Silk Road • Manchurian Plain • Nomads to North • Himalayas • Gobi Desert • Grand Canal

10. Class Structure & Gender • Class Structure • Upper Class-Scholar-officials-gentry • Middle Class-Urban-merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, • Lower Class-Urban-laborers, soldiers, servants • Rural-Landowners & peasants • Family & Gender Roles • Wu Zhao (Zetian)-female empress • Lower Class women-continued to work in fields and help produce family’s food and income • Upper class women-Foot-binding-“lily-foot”-broke foot-sign of male’s wealth and power

11. Arts & Technology • The Arts • Li Bo-poetry, life’s pleasures • Paintings-natural landscapes (Daoism) • Technological Advancements • Porcelain-late 700’s • Mechanical Clock-700’s • Block Printing-700’s • Gunpowder-800’s • Paper money-1020 • Moveable Type-1040 • Magnetic Compass-1100’s

12. Early Japanese culture borrows from China • Missions to Tang China include the adoption of: • Chinese system of writing • Painted landscapes • Dynastic Rule & Civil Service Exam • Many Japanese traditions are retained • Heian period-Dynasty of Japan • Lady Murasaki-Tale of Genji, explains life in the royal court • Decline of Tang results in Japanese development of a unique culture • Fujiwara Family & Feudalism • Kamakura/Tokugawa Shogunate-establishes a new socio-political system: • Emperor-Puppet/figurehead • Shogun-Supreme military leader • Daimyo-military governors • Samurai-bodyguards of loyal warriors

13. Key elements of the development of Feudalism • Introduction of Buddhism blended with Shintoism influences the social roles of Samurai created the Bushido- a code of behavior • 1. Bushido / The Way of the Samurai • 2. Justice / Rectitude / Right Decision • 3. Bravery / Courage • 4. Benevolence • 5. Respect • 6. Honesty • 7. Honor • 8. Loyalty / Faithful / Devoted • 9. Filial Piety • 10. Honesty / Fidelity • 11. Wisdom

14. Mongol/Yuan Dynasties to Ming Dynasty • Mongols • Pastoralist society • Follow seasonal pattern of migration through Eurasian steppes • Traded horses for basic items • Frequent conflicts between clans-tribes over grasslands and water rights • Prided themselves on their toughness • Often raided townspeople, breached Great Wall of China

15. Genghis Khan • Unified Mongols and eliminated other nomadic challenges in Manchuria & the Eurasian steppes • Military Strategist • Created an elite cavalry force organized into units of 10,000 • Used deceptive tactics to engage his opponents • Used enemies technology, such as catapults and gunpowder charges • Fear & cruelty as a tactic • Conquered Jin Empire, Middle East, China, and Russia

16. Mongol Empire • Mongols were tolerant of other religious beliefs • Allowed local administrators to continue to govern • Mongols often confirmed to the religious beliefs of their conquered cultures • Promoted free trade & passage throughout empire • Divided empire into 4 khanates • The Great Khan • Jagatai • Ilkhans • Golden Horde

17. Yuan Dynasty & Kublai Khan • Kublai Khan-1st foreigner to rule all of China • Tolerated Chinese culture • Made few changes to Chinese government • Built Shangdu • Failed to conquer Japan • Created a social caste that placed Mongols & Muslims above ethnic Chinese • Encouraged foreign trade and spread Chinese innovations • Marco Polo-controversial figure, merchant who recants the excesses and beauty of China/Yuan dynasty

18. Ming Dynasty • Created a tribute state over East Asia • Xenophobic-feared and resisted any foreign influence • Removed all Mongol traces • Returned Confucianism and the Civil Service Exam • Introduced fish farming and commercial crops of cotton and sugar cane

19. Exploration & Exchange • Zhenghe-Chinese explorer, led expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and eastern Africa • Goal: Impress the world and collect tribute • By 1433: withdrew into self-sufficient isolation • 3 ports controlled by the government would trade with foreigners • Smuggling by profit-minded Chinese allowed for trade with Europeans • Europeans exchanged silver for goods. • Chinese favored agriculture over industry • Christian Jesuits-Matteo Ricci gained favor in Ming Court