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The Human Brain

The Human Brain. Master Watermark Image: http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif. Cerebrum. Cerebrum. Cerebellum. Cerebrum - The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes.

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The Human Brain

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  1. The Human Brain Master Watermark Image: http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

  2. Cerebrum Cerebrum Cerebellum Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

  3. Lobes of the Brain (4) • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  4. Lobes of the Brain - Frontal • The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. • It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: • - Memory Formation • - Emotions • - Decision Making/Reasoning • - Personality (Investigation: Phineas Gage) Investigation (Phineas Gage) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  5. Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe • The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. • It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: - Senses and integrates sensation(s) • Spatial awareness and perception • (Proprioception - Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  6. Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe • The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. • Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli. Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  7. Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe • The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. • They play an integral role in the following functions: • Hearing • Organization/Comprehensionof language • Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation) Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

  8. The Nervous System

  9. How the nervous system works • Nervous system controls body functions from emotions, movements, thinking and behavior

  10. Nervous System = 2 parts • 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) – the brain and the spinal cord • 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – the smaller branches of nerves that reach that other parts of the body

  11. PNS and CNS • PNS Conducts information from the bodily organs to the CNS and take information back to the organs • All parts are protected in some way: brain by the skull and several layers of sheathing; spinal cord by the vertebrae; peripheral nerves by layers of sheathing

  12. How are messages transmitted? • Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves which are strings of long, thin cells called NEURONS • Neurons can fire over and over again, hundreds of times a minute • The neuron “fires” on an all-or-nothing principle – must be completely stimulated in order to send messages

  13. Parts of the Neurons • 1. Cell Body: contains nucleus and produces the energy needed to fuel the activity • 2. Dendrites: short, thin fibers that stick out from the cell body which receive impulses from other neurons and send them to the cell body • 3. Axon – long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body toward the dendrites • *Myelin sheath – insulates and protects the axon for some neurons • Multiple sclerosis – myelin sheath is destroyed

  14. Neuron Connection • Space between neurons is called the SYNAPSE – junction between the neurons • Neuron transmits its message to another neuron be releasing neurotransmitters – chemicals • Can excite the next neuron or inhibit

  15. Types of Neurotransmitters • Norepinephrine – involved with memory and learning • Endorphin – inhibits pain • Acetylcholine – movement and memory; low dosages can lead to paralysis or Alzheimer’s disease • Dopamine – involved with learning, emotional arousal; low levels are linked to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease • Serotonin – may result in depression

  16. Neuron Activity • Each individual is either ON or OFF • Afferent neurons – sensory neurons, relay messages from the sense organs (including eyes, ears, nose and skin) to the brain • Efferent neurons – motor neurons – send signals from the brain to the glands and muscles • Interneuron – carry impulses between the neurons in the body

  17. Voluntary and Involuntary Activities • Somatic Nervous System – refers to the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary activites • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – refers to the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities (heartbeat, stomach activity, pupil enlargement)

  18. ANS has 2 parts • 1. Sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity • 2. Parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve energy and to enhance the body’s ability to recover

  19. Assignment • Pick one of the following: • Autism • Dyslexia • Multiple Sclerosis • Alzheimer’s Disease • Parkinson’s Disease • Tourette’s Syndrome • Depression • Schizophrenia • Write a two to three page paper on the topic discussing • What the problem is • What the causes of the problem are • Possible cures for the disease – if any • Research being conducted on the problem

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