How did historical globalization affect Canada?

1. How did historical globalization affect Canada? Lesson 1 – Chapter 7

2. Whose perspective is the picture taken from? • What evidence supports your position? • What is the message of the picture?

3. Forces Driving Colonization

4. Read pages 162 – 163…. Vikings Lief the Lucky (son of Eric the Red) discovered what is believed to be present-day Newfoundland or New England • Named new lands: • Eric named “Greenland” – effort to pursue prospective immigrants to the island • Labrador – “Forestland” • Newfoundland – “Vinland” • L’anse aux Meadows discovered in the 1960’s • http://www.historica-dominion.ca/content/heritage-minutes/vikings?media_type=41&media_category=31

5. Vikings’ Voyages

6. John Cabot or Giovanni Caboto • Italian explorer that tried to convince Venetian merchants to fund his expedition to the Far East – could not find funding • Convinced Henry VII of England to fund his expedition - granted him a trade monopoly • 52 days across the Atlantic, Cabot planted the British flag and named the area New Found Land • Large stock of Cod – fish was the primary food source for many countries due to Christianity • Beginning of what would become centuries of British fishing off of the Grand Banks • http://www.historica-dominion.ca/content/heritage-minutes/john-cabot?media_type=41&media_category=31

7. Jacques Cartier • French gov’t commissioned to find riches – sailed up the St. Lawrence River and claimed this area for France • Survived the harsh winters with the help of the Iroquois • Ready to return home, Cartier kidnaps Chief Donnacona where they presented him to King Francis I to commission another trip to Kanata • Later returns to Kanata with the Iroquois as their enemies • http://www.historica-dominion.ca/content/heritage-minutes/jacques-cartier?media_type=41&media_category=31

8. What is the difference between the relationships Europeans had with the Indigenous people of Canada and the Indigenous people of the Caribbean / South America? • The harsh environment and the difficulties of the fur trade made working with the First Nations peoples in North America a necessity. • In other parts of the Americas, an easier climate — and acquiring workers for plantations and mines through the slave trade — meant that developing working relationships with Indigenous peoples was not as important. • Slaves were used in Canada as domestic servants and treated like one of the family. • 250,000 slaves on the French sugar-producing plantations and just as many in the Southern U.S. colonies - however slavery was marginal in New France

9. Colonization in Canada – p. 163 • Felt hats were in the rage in Europe in the 1500’s • European hatters turned to N. America for Beaver pelts – (Mad as a hatter) • Nations abandoned their search for a shorter trade rout to Asia and concentrated on acquiring more beaver pelts – thus the beginning of the Fur Trade

10. First Peoples and the Early Fur Trade – p. 163 • Natives spent the winter months gathering pelts and transporting them to trading posts in the spring • Some acted as go-betweens, trading with other native groups who then brought the furs to the trading posts. • Others were employed by European traders, hunting, paddling supply canoes, making snowshoes, etc. • Native women made clothing, wove nets, collected wood, and cooked for traders

11. First Peoples and the Early Fur Trade – p. 163 • Intermarriages would occur between traders and Native women – a new culture was created called the Metis. • Traders would marry Native women for a variety of reasons: • Secure trading rights between groups • Native women provided domestic solutions • Scarcity of European women

12. Activity icon on page 163… • Why would the French government might have wanted to encourage settlement in New France, as well as Catholicism among First Peoples? • List some reasons and beside each reason, briefly note who would and who would not benefit.

13. French government might have wanted to encourage settlement to extend French territory, markets, and power. • Encouraging conversion to Catholicism would help pacify First Nations people and include them in an important structure of power. - People who would benefit would be missionaries, government officials, fur traders, merchants in Europe, and settlers. - Those who might not benefit would be First Nations peoples. • Some missionaries believed that it was their duty to spread the Catholic faith and that they were helping First Nations peoples. • Some missionaries were Eurocentric and used European criteria to judge the beliefs of First Nations peoples. • Show ownership of the land and resources

14. Read p. 164…Why might the language of treaties like this have led to problems for the First Nations peoples who signed them? • The treaty was written in English, which was the language of the British officials but not of the First Nations peoples who were also signing the treaties. • Owning lands as “possessions,” for example was not part of the First Nations’ “language.” • Others?

15. Activity icon at the bottom of p. 164… • How would you rewrite the section of the treaty quoted in Fig. 7-4 so that both parties would understand it? • Would you do it so that it was fair for both parties? • Would you use ‘legalize’ to try and trick the other party?

16. Read pg. 165… • What does the example of the Beothuk say about European attitudes toward the peoples they encountered? • How did this attitude – a legacy of historical globalization – set the stage for some challenges facing First Nations today? - the example of the Beothuk confirms that the Europeans had little regard for First Peoples — and that this lack of regard continues to present challenges to First Nations today.

17. More to the story… • The Beothuk did not need to engage in face-to-face trade with European fishers to get metal for tools. • The fishers set up summer camps on the shore to dry the fish for shipment to Europe. When they went back to Europe at the end of the summer, they left behind metal items such as nails, fish hooks, and broken pots. • The Beothuk became very adept at reworking the metal into tools. They did not need to trade furs, so they kept contact with Europeans to a minimum. • Permanent settlements in the 17th century changed this pattern, and the Beothuk responded by moving to remote areas and becoming increasingly isolated.

18. Reflect and Respond – p.165 • When deciding whether to establish peaceful relations with the newcomers what are some ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ you would consider?

19. Deciding whether to establish peaceful relations with the newcomers Pros • New goods and technologies - such as metal knives and pots • New farming techniques • Learning about other parts of the world and other people • Developing trading relationships Cons • Outsiders having access to your traditional territories • New diseases that spread through your population • Sharing food and other resources • Loss of identity – conversion to Christianity