Southern Economy: Plantations, Slavery, and Triangular Trade

2. Southern Economy • Good Soil & Rivers • Large farms = plantations • Self-sufficient • Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo

3. Southern Society

4. Slavery • Native Americans escape easily • Why do you think this is? • First African American Slaves: 1619: Jamestown • Indentured Servants 1670’s • What is the difference between an indentured servant and a slave? • Slavery: economic foundation

5. Triangular Trade • Sugar from West Indies • Made into Rum in New England • Rum/ Guns sent to Africa • Slaves to West Indies

6. Triangular Trade

7. Middle Passage • The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to America or the West Indies

8. The Slave Ship

9. Slave Auctions

12. The Institution of Slavery • Plantations, Farms, Domestics, Urban, Artisans • 80-90% of slaves worked in the fields • Slaves could be rented and owner received wages

13. Slave Culture and Family • Made pottery of homeland • Musical traditions / Dance • Oral history • Why don’t we have written records? Who were the “writers” of history? • Raised each others children

14. Marriage Ceremony

15. How did slavery differ from indentured servitude? • Inherent racism???

16. • Virginia, 1639: The first law to exclude "Negroes" from normal protections by the government was enacted. • Maryland, 1664: The first colonial "anti-amalgamation" law is enacted (amalgamation referred to "race-mixing"). Other colonies soon followed Maryland's example. A 1691 Virginia law declared that any white man or woman who married a "Negro, mulatto, or Indian" would be banished from the colony forever. • Virginia, 1667: Christian baptisms would no longer affect the bondage of blacks or Indians, preventing enslaved workers from improving their legal status by changing their religion. • Virginia, 1682: A law establishing the racial distinction between servants and slaves was enacted.

17. All servants imported and brought into the Country. . . who were not Christians in their native Country. . . shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion. . . shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists his master. . . correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction. . . the master shall be free of all punishment. . . as if such accident never happened. – • Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705

18. What conclusions can you draw from the documents?

19. Slave Codes • In court their testimony was inadmissible • Nor could they own property; • Even if attacked, they could not strike a white person. • Slaves could not be away from their owner's premises without permission • They could not assemble unless a white person was present; • They could not own firearms; • They could not be taught to read or write, • They were not permitted to marry.

20. Slaves could be beaten • In Virginia, courts did NOT consider it murder when a slave died during punishment

23. Resistance and Revolt • Faking illness • Breaking tools • Running away • VERY FEW INCIDENTS OF VIOLENCE

24. Stono Rebellion • September 9, 1739 • South Carolina • Organized by native Africans who were from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo • Some spoke Portuguese • Led by Jemmy Cato • He was literate • WHY WAS THIS DANGEROUS? • May have been a former soldier • Belonged to the Cato / Cater family near the Stono River

25. Stono Rebellion • 20 slaves escaped headed to Spanish Florida • Spanish promised FREEDOM and LAND near St Augustine to slaves who escaped from British rule • WHY WOULD THEY DO THIS? • Eventually the force turned to 60-100 • Whites subdue the resistance (~25 whites killed, ~ 50-60 slaves killed) • Survivors were sold to the West Indies • Effect: NEGRO ACT OF 1740

26. Why did the Stono Rebellion fail? (hint: look at the notes from the video we watched!)

27. Why did slavery begin in America? Why did it last?

28. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASauctions.htm • Chronicles of slave auctions