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Insecticides

Insecticides. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS. Age Best used when mixed, don’t store after mixing. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS. Thatch Excessive thatch (>1/2”) binds insecticide. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS. UV degradation Breaks chemical bonds Biologicals most susceptible.

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Insecticides

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  1. Insecticides

  2. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS Age • Best used when mixed, don’t store after mixing

  3. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS Thatch • Excessive thatch (>1/2”) binds insecticide

  4. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS UV degradation • Breaks chemical bonds • Biologicals most susceptible

  5. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS pH impact • Neutral pH is best

  6. PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS Microbial degradation • Bacteria and fungi feed on organic portion of pesticide • Can break down within hours

  7. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Stomach poisons • Enter insect through the gut when eaten

  8. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Systemic poisons • Translocated within plants • Insects exposed when feeding • Most effective on piercing-sucking insects • Receive greater dose

  9. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Contact poisons • Enter body when insect walks over treated surface

  10. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) • Interferes with normal growth • Prevents molting (juvenile hormones) • Very safe, delayed effect

  11. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION Biorational (Biological) • Beneficial fungi, nematodes or bacteria

  12. MODE OF ACTION Nerve poisons: most conventional insecticides a) Narcotics • Physical action in nervoussystem

  13. MODE OF ACTION Nerve poisons b) Synaptic • Interrupt synaptic transmission of nervous system • Synapse (gap) is the junction between a neuron and another cell (muscle, gland, etc)

  14. MODE OF ACTION Nerve poisons b) Synaptic • In central nervous system, acetylcholine transmits an impulse across synapse to next cell • Chemicals tie up acetylcholine and cause malfunction

  15. MODE OF ACTION Muscle poisons • Disrupting muscle membrane

  16. MODE OF ACTION Physical toxicants • Horticultural Oil • Clog the spiracles that breathe

  17. MODE OF ACTION Physical toxicants • Insecticidal soap • Strips cuticle and dehydrates insect

  18. MODE OF ACTION Physical toxicants Diatomaceous earth • Crushed fossils • Cut insects walking over it • Dehydrate

  19. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION • Inorganic: lack carbon • Organic: possess carbon • Natural are produced from natural substances: botanicals and oils • Synthetics are manmade

  20. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS Pesticide rotation • Rotate chemical classes • Change mode of action (MOA) • http://www.irac-online.org/

  21. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP) • Unstable in light • Was most widely used insecticides

  22. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP) Malathion, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) • Cancelled

  23. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CARBAMATES • Low persistence in environment • Noted toxicity to pollinators

  24. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CARBAMATES Carbaryl • Greatest use is fruit production • Controls insects and fruit-thinning agent

  25. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CARBAMATES Carbofuran (cancelled) • Ineffective when used continuously • Microorganisms quickly degrade

  26. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS • Most persistent insecticide class

  27. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS DDTCancelled in US in 1973 Extremely stable • Resistant to MO, heat, and UV light Fat solubility • Other classes broken down in animals by enzymes

  28. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS DDT: 2 characteristics for cancellation 1. Stability allows more to be taken up by animals 2. Accumulates in body fat • Found traces in milk fat and in human body fat

  29. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS DDT Biomagnification • As predators consume organisms, DDT accumulates in fat of predator • Thin egg shells, reproductive failure…

  30. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS • Derived directly from plants • Organic gardening • Considered safer, some exceptions • Most are expensive and impractical on commercial scale

  31. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Pyrethrum • Extracted from Chrysanthemum • Wide spectrum and rapid knockdown • Breaks down rapidly in sunlight

  32. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Rotenone • Second most used botanical • Extremely toxic to fish

  33. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Rotenone • New research released in the United States on Monday shows a link between the use of two pesticides, rotenone and paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. People who used either pesticide developed Parkinson's disease approximately 2.5 times more often than non-users.

  34. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BOTANICALS Neem • Oil from neem tree • Primarily repellent • Also medicinal and toothpaste • http://www.azasol.com/

  35. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC) • Replacing many older insecticides: effective and safe • Synthetic pyrethrum

  36. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC) Permethrin • High toxicity at low rates • Quick knockdown • More stable • Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin

  37. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS PHENYL PYRAZOLES • Low mammalian toxicity • Very effective • Fipronil, season long control of ants

  38. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLORONICOTINYLS • Translocates within plant • Merit is absorbed through roots • Suspected in CCD (bees) • Banned in Canada

  39. Adult bees fly off to die Causes include parasites, viruses, bacteria, poor nutrition and pesticides No proof of cell tower Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

  40. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) • Not substitute for conventional insecticides • More scouting and repeat applications

  41. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis) • Protein produced by Bt that damages gut • Death in couple days

  42. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis) Varieties have specific host • Var. kurstaki kills caterpillars (Dipel) • Genetically modified corn contains protein • Monarch butterflies?

  43. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis) • Var. israliensis kills mosquitoes

  44. MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS BIORATIONAL (Biological) Spinosad • Derived from bacterium • Effective flea control

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