1890 to 1917

1. PROGRESSIVES 1890 to 1917 “Progressives were reformers who attempted to solve problems caused by industry, growth of cities and laissez faire.”

2. Progressives were • White Protestants • Middle class and native born. • College Educated Professionals • Social workers • Scholars • Politicians • Preachers • Teachers • Writers

3. PROGRESSIVES • Reform = Progress • Always possible and good • Progress not inevitable but blocked by ignorance and corruption • Everyone / everything can be improved • Traditions = automatically suspect • Experts can ALWAYS find one best way • Education & Purity always = progress. • Mission = Progress for world

4. PROGRESSIVES • When did the movement begin? • Farmers organize during the 1870’s • The Grange—1867---local level • Farmer’s Alliance---state level • Populist Party--national levelPeople’s Party

5. PROGRESSIVES • Adopt Populist Ideas • Move away from laissez faire with government regulating industry • Make US government responsive to the people (voting) • Limit power of the political bosses. • Improve worker’s rights, conditions for poor and immigrants • Clean up the cities • End segregation and Jim Crow

6. PROGRESSIVES • Populists vs Progressives • Populists---rural • Progressives---cities • Populists were poor and uneducated • Progressives were middle-class and educated. • Populists were too radical • Progressives stayed political mainstream. • Populists failed • Progressives succeeded

7. PROGRESSIVES Areas to Reform Social Justice Political Democracy Economic Equality Conservation

8. PROGRESSIVES Social Justice Improve working conditions in industry, regulate unfair business practices, eliminate child labor, help immigrants and the poor

9. PROGRESSIVES Political Democracy Give the government back to the people, get more people voting and end corruption with political machines.

10. PROGRESSIVES • Economic Justice • Fairness and opportunity in the work world, regulate unfair trusts and bring about changes in labor. • Demonstrate to the common people that U.S. Government is in charge and not the industrialists.

11. PROGRESSIVES CONSERVATION Preserve natural resources and the environment

12. SOCIAL JUSTICE MUCKRAKERS • Muckrakers were journalists and photographers who exposed the abuses of wealth and power. • They felt it was their job to write and expose corruption in industry, cities and government. Progressives exposed corruption but offered no solutions.

13. SOCIAL JUSTICE • They believed that if the public could only see or read for itself….. • There would be an outcry and people would want to help make conditions better….. • Or demand the government to make reforms. • “Digging up the dirt”=Investigative Journalism

14. Muck raker Thomas Nast Muck raker Work PoliticalCartoons Work Subject Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed. Subject Results Results Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison. Jacob Riis John Spargo Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements. Child labor in the factories and education for children. NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health. Ending child labor and increased enrollment in schooling. How the Other Half Lives(1890) The Bitter Cry of the Children Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry. In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed Upton Sinclair The Jungle(1906)

15. Muck raker Frank Norris Work The Octopus (1901) Subject This fictional book exposed monopolistic railroad practices in California. Results In Northern Securities v. U.S. (1904), the holding company controlling railroads in the Northwest was broken up. Ida Tarbell "History of Standard Oil Company" in McClure's Magazine(1904) Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine. In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up.

16. THOMAS NAST • Thomas Nast was the artist for Harper's Weeklyin the late 1800’s. • "He has been called, the Father of American Caricature." • Nast's campaign against New York City's political boss William Tweed is legendary • Nast's cartoons depicted Tweed as a sleazy criminal • Tweed was known to say, "Stop them damn pictures. I don't care what the papers write about me. My constituents can't read. But, damn it, they can see the pictures."

17. JaneAddams Social Reformers SOCIAL GOSPEL Pioneer in the field of social work who founded the settlement house movement through the establishment of Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. MargaretSanger Educated urban poor about the benefits of family planning through birth control. She founded the organization that became Planned Parenthood.

18. CityCommissioner Plan City Reforms Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal. City ManagerPlan A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council.

19. Social Welfare • Jane Addams • Frances Kelly Argued for better schools, liberal divorce laws, safety regulations, parole, limits on the death penalty

20. Muller v. Oregon • 1906 -- upheld Oregon law restricting women’s labor to 10-hour workday; • The argument-- women were weaker than men

21. Reform • Samuel “Golden Rule” Johnson offered free kindergarten, night school, and playgrounds

22. Reform • Tom Johnson Tax reform and three cent trolley rides

23. Recall State Reforms Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Initiative Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Referendum Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses. Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Secret Ballot Direct Primary

24. Hiram Johnson-California Worker’s Comp Regulation of Railroads Robert “Battlin Bob” La Follette “Wisconsin Idea”—direct primaries, tax reform, and regulation of railroads Charles Evans Hughes--NY

25. POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 1790 to 1828 Caucus---small group of individuals who would choose a candidate 1828 to 1900 Convention---members from the political parties nominate a candidate Current System Used Direct Primary---allow registered voters to participate in choosing a candidate

26. WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION Founded in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1874, it used educational, social, and political means to promote legislation which dealt with issues ranging from health and hygiene, prison reform and world peace. • protection of women and children at home and work • women's right to vote • shelters for abused women • support from labor movements such as the Knights of Labor • the eight-hour work day • equal pay for equal work • founding of kindergartens • assistance in founding of the PTA • federal aid for education • stiffer penalties for sexual crimes against girls and  women • uniform marriage and divorce laws

27. WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION Founded in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1874, it used educational, social, and political means to promote legislation which dealt with issues ranging from health and hygiene, prison reform and world peace. • prison reform, police matrons and women police officers • homes and education for wayward girls • pure food and drug act • legal aid • world peace • Opposed and worked against • the drug traffic • the use of alcohol and tobacco • white slavery and child labor • army brothels

28. WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION • Most successful and well known WCTU reformer was Carrie Nation. • She would march into a bar and sing and pray, while smashing bar fixtures and stock with a hatchet.

29. WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION • Between 1900 and 1910 she was arrested some 30 times, and paid her jail fines from lecture-tour fees and sales of souvenir hatchets. • Changed her name to Carry A. Nation and referred to herself as “A Home Defender”.

30. Preparing the Way for Suffrage • American women activists first demanded the right to vote in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York. • The movement eventually split into two groups: • The National Woman Suffrage Associationfought for a constitutional amendment for suffrage. • The American Woman Suffrage Associationworked to win voting rights on the state level. • In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first state to grant women the right to vote. • In 1872, in an act of civil disobedience, a suffrage leader, Susan B. Anthony, insisted on voting in Rochester, New York. She was arrested for this act.

31. Constitutional Amendment Winning suffrage by a constitutional amendment The first federal amendment was introduced in Congress in 1868 and stalled. In 1878, suffragists introduced a new amendment. Stalled again, the bill was not debated again until 1887. It was defeated by the Senate. The bill was not debated again until 1913. Individual State Suffrage Winning suffrage state by state State suffrage seemed more successful than a constitutional amendment. Survival on the frontier required the combined efforts of men and women and encouraged a greater sense of equality. Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote. Suffragist Strategies NWSA AWSA

32. A New GenerationWomen’s Suffrage • Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leaders of the suffrage movement, died without seeing the victory of women’s suffrage. • At the turn of the century, Carrie Chapman Catt became the leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). • She led the movement from 1900 to 1904 and again after 1915. • In March 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns organized a parade of 5,000 women in Washington, D.C.

33. 19th Amendment provides full suffrage to women in all the states, 1920.

34. ECONOMIC JUSTICE • Progressive Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt1901 to 1909 • William Howard Taft1909 to 1913 • 1912 Election • Woodrow Wilson1913 to 1921

35. Square Deal • TR believed in the “capitalistic system” but believed that the system must be regulated by US Govt. • TR was a Hamiltonian but for the betterment of the “common man” as opposed to benefit the elite. • TR believed the U.S. Government was running the country and not the rich and corrupt industrialists…. • U.S. Government involvement with “regulatory agencies”….Similar to “checks and balances”

36. Square Deal • Reforms of the Progressives start with President Roosevelt…. • Areas which he wanted to reform and use the “bully pulpit” of the Presidency were the following: • Bad Trusts vs. Good Trusts • Take the side of labor • Railroads • Limiting corruption in the workplace • Conservation

37. TR, the “Trustbuster” • Department of Labor • Bureau of Corporations • Filed more than 40 anti-trust suits using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. • Northern Securities • Standard Oil • Swift Beef

38. Anthracite 1903 Coal Strike • Union wanted shorter days and higher wages and owners would not negotiate. • Winter, nation needed coal to heat homes. • TR calls a White House Conference. • TR threatens to send in troops to run mines • Owners back down and TR becomes the “hero” of the common working man. • Importance: First time US Govt. took the side of labor in a dispute.

39. Railroad Reforms to boost the Interstate Commerce Commission. • Elkins Act • Anti-Rebate Act or Anti- Kick Back Act • Regulates common carriers of people and freight, UPS, Greyhound, Amtrak, etc. • Hepburn Act • Regulates rates for passengers and freight • Air travel cost controls • Air freight price controls

40. CONSERVATION • TR’s Conservation Policy • 125,000 acres in reserve • National Reclamation Act 1902 • 25 water projects • Founding of the National Park System

42. TAFT'S PRESIDENCY • Federal Children’s Bureau • Creation of a Dept. of Labor • 8 hr. workday • Mann-Elkins Act • Aligns with Conservative Republicans and splits with Roosevelt’s Progressives.

43. 1912 ELECTION • TR is not nominated for the Republican nomination because the Conservatives supported Taft. • Ballinger-Pinochet quarrel and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Sec. of the Interior Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to development • Angered TR's pro-conservation stand.

44. 1912 ELECTION • TR forms his own party called the Progressive “Bull Moose Party”…….. • As a result, TR splits the Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) will be elected.

45. 1912 ELECTION • Roosevelt’s Campaign Slogan • New Nationalism: Favored an active government role in economic and social affairs. • Good vs. bad trusts which were regulated by the U.S. Govt. • Continuation of his Square Deal policies. • Direct Election of Senators • Tariff reduction • Presidential primaries • Regulation of monopolies • End child labor • Women’s suffrage

46. 1912 ELECTION New Nationalism New Freedom • Goal: • Continuation of his Square Deal which were reforms to help the common man. • Favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs. • Good trusts vs. bad trusts • Direct election of senators • Tariff reduction • Presidential primaries • Regulation of monopolies • End child labor • Initiative and referendum • Women’s suffrage • Goal: • Favored an active role in economic and social affairs. • Favored small businesses and the free functioning and unregulated and unmonopolized markets. • Tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. • Similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism.

47. Socialist Party • More radical than the Progressives Argued for public ownership Eugene Debs-Presidential Candidate

48. Wilson’s Slogan • New Freedom: restore the free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government…. • Tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.

49. Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism…. • Federal Trade Commission • 16th Amendment • Underwood Tariff Bill • Federal Reserve Act • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Keating-Owen Act

50. National Reclamation Act(1902) Roosevelt Progressive Era Federal Legislation Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations systems using money from the sale of public lands. Elkins Act(1903)Roosevelt Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers. Pure Food and Drug Act(1906/1911)Roosevelt Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items. Meat Inspection Act(1906)Roosevelt In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.