Defining the Site of Linguistic Variation

1. Defining the Site of Linguistic Variation

3. Variable AAVE copula and auxiliary as the result of successive contraction and deletion of an underlying form /iz/

4. The basic syntactic regularity

5. Phonotactic effects on contraction and deletion

6. Phonetic conditioning of contraction and deletion for two adolescent groups in South Harlem [from Labov, Cohen Robins and Lewis 1968]

7. Possible phonetic conditioning of AAVE copula as an insertion from a competing grammar

8. A clear case for an invariant underlying form: Variable past tense {d} in AAVE

9. Internal constraints on -t,d deletion for 11 speakers of AAVE [Table 3.7 of 3288 Report, Labov, Cohen, Robins & Lewis 1968]

10. Variable past tense {d} in AAVE

11. Phonological conditioning of -t,d deletion for AA youth and adults in Harlem, 1968

12. Phonological and grammatical factors controlling -t,d deletion for African American speakers in Pacoima CA --from Baugh 1979

13. Phonological and grammatical conditioning of -t,d deletion in spontaneous speech of 58 African American struggling readers from Philadelphia, Atlanta and California

14. Variable past tense {d} in AAVE

15. A clear case of no underlying form: variable verbal {s} in AAVE

16. Absence of phonological conditioning off verbal {s} in the spontaneous speech of 58 African-American struggling readers, 2001

17. Absence of phonological conditioning of verbal /s/ for AA groups in South Harlem [from Labov, Cohen, Robins & Lewis 1968]

18. Variable verbal {s} in AAVE

19. Irregular distribution of verbal {s} in AAVE

20. Variable verbal {s} in AAVE

21. A test of the capacity to derive number information from verbal {s}

22. Recognition of meaning of inflections by second graders in Harlem before and after training [from Torrey 1965]

23. The AAVE possessive

24. Absence of attributive possessive {s} in spontaneous speech of struggling readers, California schools, 2002-2003 The absence of �s between two nouns among black strugglng readers in the California populationThe absence of �s between two nouns among black strugglng readers in the California population

25. Language/ethnic groups and region by linguistic variables for 287 elementary school children

26. Effect of following segment on percent absence of possessive {s} in attributive position, South Harlem 1968

27. Absence of attributive possessive {s} in spontaneous speech of 287 struggling readers, 2001-2

28. Aspiration and deletion of Spanish plural {s}

29. Contribution of factors to the deletion of Puerto Rican Spanish plural {s} --from Poplack 1979, Table 3.16

30. Relative pronoun variation

31. Hierarchical view of (REL)

32. Choice of WH- form for relative pronoun, N=907

33. Selection of WH- form of relative pronoun, N=907

34. Zero relative pronoun vs. THAT

35. Selection of ZERO relative pronoun vs. THAT, N=560

36. The architecture of variation

37. Provenance of non-phonological morphological variants

38. The architecture of variation

39. Phonological effects on morphological selection

40. Phonological derivation of allomorphs of English articles

41. The Asymmetry of Variation Principle

42. Further differentiation of past-tense {d} and verbal {s} from answers to a question raised in research on raising reading levels, 2001-2006

43. Clear errors and potential errors

44. Potential past tense errors

45. The semantic shadow hypothesis

46. Frequency of following errors for clear errors and correct reading by dialect type, 2001-2

47. Frequency of following errors for clear errors and correct reading by dialect type, 2001-2

48. Calculation of proportion of following errors for five types of potential errors

49. Frequency of following errors for clear errors, potential errors and correct reading by dialect type [N=567]

50. Ethnic/language groups in the 2001-2006 study

51. Frequency of following errors for clear errors, potential errors and correct readings by dialect type for 58 African American readers

52. Frequency of following errors for clear errors, potential errors and correct readings by dialect type for African American and Latino (S) readers [N=238]

53. Likelihood of potential errors being reading errors by dialect type and ethnic/language group, 2001-02 [N=722].