Immunity

1. Immunity L.L.- Identify the different types of White Blood Cells and explain their function. -Discuss the difference between: • Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen • ICF and Blood

4. Modes of Transmission 1. Air Borne 2. Water, Food 3. Animals 4. Body Fluid ( coughing, sneezing) ( rats, insects) ( saliva, semen, blood) Vectors: Animals that carry and transmit disease (exe. West Nile, Lyme, etc…) Air Borne Transmission: ex. Colds, Whooping Cough, Tuberculosis, Pneumonic Plague, E. Bola?? Small Pox, Diphtheria Water and Food Diseases: ex. Girardia (Montezuma’s Revenge), Cholera, Tapeworms, Botulism, etc.. Diseases Spread by Animals: West Nile (birds), Lyme (ticks), Rocky Mountain Fever (ticks), Mosquitoes (Malaria and African Sleeping Sickness), Animal Feces (E. Coli) Body Fluid Diseases- Hepatitis, Leprosy, Herpes, AIDS Sexually Transmitted Diseases- Gonorrhea, Syphilis, AIDS, Chlamydia ***** All of these diseases initiate a immune system response where abs are made in to or in recognition of.

5. Function and Components of the Lymph System Lymph- Intracellular Fluid in the Lymph vessels 3 Lines of Defense in the Immune System 1) Physical/ Chemical Barriers Ex. Skin, saliva, tears, urine, stomach acid, mucus of internal membrane.

6. First Line of Defense Yo, halt! Mucus stops pathogens from entering the system. Tears, as well as sweat, saliva, mucus and stomach acid aid in chemical protection Skin prevents pathogens from entering the human body as well.

7. The Inflammatory Response 2) IF PATHOGEN GETS PAST 1, then the Inflammatory Response causes swelling, redness, and heat, all of which are caused by the chemical released by the local cells destroyed during the process of infection. *****Generally, the pathogen is destroyed at this point, BUT if the pathogen is a virus, infected cells may begin to produce INTERFERON, which causes uninfected cells to produce enzymes which block reproduction of the virus

9. ANTIGENis any foreign substance that elicits an immune response, or the name of the chemical “signature” on the surface of the foreign substance Third Line of Defense- The Immune Response PATHOGENS ARE ANTIGENS!Ags → - Cause immune response - Generally proteins - Each human’s tissue is different from anyone else’s (twins, transplants) **The surface of pathogenic cells are covered with molecules that give it a unique set of characteristics. These molecules are called antigens. Antigens are generally fragments of protein or carbohydrate molecules. There are millions of different antigens and each one has a unique shape that can be recognized by the white blood cells of your immune system. White blood cells called lymphocytes respond to the presence of the pathogen by producing antibodies to match the shape of the antigens. The antibodies latch onto the antigens of the pathogenic invader. Antibodies that are bound to the antigens act as a signal to macrophages which then flock to the site and ingest and destroy the pathogens.

10. Animation

11. Structure of an Antibody

12. Humoral Response vs. Cell Mediated Response Humoral: reaction from substances in the blood

13. Cell mediated: T-cell/ B-cell response

14. System of Checks and Balances Monoclonal Abs → sciences way of producing mass amounts of abs - They mark drugs with them and these abs are specific for certain cells (cancer) so only bad cells are killed Types of Immunity ACTIVE PASSIVE • Long Term - Generally Short Term • Vaccination live to - obtained generally from weakened to actually blood of another person dead bacteria injected ex. Mothers passing abs to Into the body baby through breast milk - BOOSTERS (Maternal Immunity)

15. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

16. Vaccine Components • Living, weakened microbes: These are mutants of microbes that have lost the ability, either naturally or by treatment in the laboratory, to produce the dangerous, clinical disease. Some examples are the cowpox virus, measles, mumps and rubella (MMR vaccine) and polio vaccine virus. A vaccination consists of infecting you with a living microbe which then produces a limited infection. Because these attenuated strains are weak the immune system of normal healthy people quickly kill and eliminate them from the body. During this process the infection elicits a vigorous immune response that protects the host from infection by the related virulent, disease-producing form of the pathogen. Live vaccines produce the best immunization because they closely imitate the real thing.  Immunity lasts for life. • Dead Microbes: These vaccines consist of growing up cultures of the virulent, disease-producing microbial strains and killing them in such a way that they retain their ability to stimulate the body to produce an immunological response to the live form. Examples include anthrax and rabies vaccine. Immunity lasts several years. • Virulence of Components of Pathogens: These vaccines consists of substances isolated from the virulent strains, such as polysaccharide material or proteins components. No whole organisms, living or dead are present in these vaccines. Examples include the toxins of diphtheria, tetanus and botulinum and the polysaccharide from virulent pneumococci.

17. Our Immune System in Action: What a fine tuned machine…….

18. Organ Transplants-Patients must take anti-rejection drugs for rest of their lives so that their WBCs and antibodies don’t attack the transplanted organ.

20. Autoimmune Disease- the immune system mistakenly attacks self, targeting the cells, tissues, and organs of a person's own body. Lupus- Immune system attacks various organs in body Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

21. Dust Mite Droppings Will Trigger Immune Response in Allergic Individuals

22. The Lymp-haticSystem