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(Human) Communication & Language

(Human) Communication & Language. LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin. Table of Content. In this section you will learn about: Communication: Jakobson’s model Nonverbal communication Language Objectives: Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication.

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(Human) Communication & Language

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  1. (Human) Communication & Language LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin

  2. Table of Content In this section you will learn about: • Communication: • Jakobson’s model • Nonverbalcommunication • Language • Objectives: • Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication. • Learn a bit of terminology needed to speak of the world’s languages.

  3. Communication Definition Jakobson’s Communication process

  4. Communication • Communication is a behaviour, or the _______________________, that affects the behaviour of others. • When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment. • The message is placed into a code. • Humans have a highly elaborate code called language.

  5. Communication • What is communication? • 1 a the process or act of communicating; b the exchanging or imparting of ideas and information, etc. • 2 a piece of information, a letter or a message. • 3 social contact. • 4 (communications) the various electronic processes by which information is conveyed from one person or place to another, especially by means of wires, cables or radio waves. • 5 (communications) the science and activity of transmitting information, etc. http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=

  6. Communication • Who? • Sender • To whom? • Receiver • What? • Thoughts, posture, opinions or information • How? • Verbal (language) or nonverbal communication

  7. Communication Process (Jakobson) Topic of reference Context Information Sender Message Receiver Channel Air Code Languages: English, French, etc.

  8. Communication • The communication process of __________and _________will depend on a number of factors:

  9. Nonverbal Communication Some Types of nonverbal communication: Kinesics Proxemics

  10. Nonverbal Communication • Nonverbal communication is the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, posture, opinions or _____________without the use of words, using

  11. Nonverbal Communication • Spokenword: ___ • Body posture, gestures, facial expressions: ___ • Voice tone and inflection: ___

  12. Nonverbal & Cultural Misunderstanding • VIDEO: Body Language: An International View (2006) • Pointing: fingers, eyes, chin or head ... even lips (Shoshone Indians)! Miscommunication:

  13. Types of Nonverbal Communication • Kinesics: involves ________or ____movement: • Proxemics: how people perceive and use _______.

  14. Languages Distinction between: Language, languages & Speech Languages Dialects

  15. Language • language • 1 any formalized system of communication, especially one that uses sounds or written symbols which the majority of a particular community will readily understand. • 2 the speech and writing of a particular nation or social group. • 3 the faculty of speech.

  16. Language, Language and Speech

  17. The world’s Languages • Geographic distribution of the world’s languages Living Languages Percentage Americas 1,013 15% Africa 2,058 30% Europe 230 3% Asia 2,197 32% The Pacific 1,311 19% TOTAL 6,809 (Source: Ethnologue (1996), www.ethnologue.org)

  18. Languages Across the World • Top 10 languages by first language population: 1) Chinese (Mandarin) 873 014 000 (+178 000 000 L2 speakers) 2) Spanish 322 029 000 (+60 000 000 L2 speakers) 3) English 309 352 000 (+200 000 000 L2 speakers) 4) Hindi 180 764 000 5) Portuguese 177 457 000 6) Bengali 171 070 000 7) Russian 145 031 000 (+110 000 000 L2 speakers) 8) Japanese 122 434 000 9) German 95 393 000 (...) 17) French 64 858 000 (+50 000 000 L2 speakers) Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: chapter 8 (O’Grady, 2009; p. 289)

  19. Galaxy of Languages (Calvet, 1999)

  20. Gravitational Model (Calvet, 1999) GRAVITATIONAL MODEL:

  21. Dialects • Dialect: • A _________or______variety of a languagecharacterized by it’sownphonological, syntactic, or lexical properties. • Wewill use the term « _______ » in this class instead of speaking of dialects.

  22. Pidgin • Pidgin: A __________that emerges when speakers of a ______language are brought together in a stable situation requiring __________________ ____________________; it has ___________________and generally is considered to have a _______________ ______________________.

  23. Creole • Creole: A variety that arises as the __________ ____of the children of members of a ________ speech community.

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