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Water Budget Parameters [Flux Terms] P = E + T + Q + GW r - GW d

Water Budget Parameters [Flux Terms] P = E + T + Q + GW r - GW d GW r - GW d = 0 at steady state. P = precipitation E = evaporation T = transpiration Q = surface runoff GW r = groundwater recharge GW d = groundwater discharge E + T often "lumped" as ET

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Water Budget Parameters [Flux Terms] P = E + T + Q + GW r - GW d

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  1. Water Budget Parameters [Flux Terms] P = E + T + Q + GWr - GWd GWr - GWd = 0 at steady state. P = precipitation E = evaporation T = transpiration Q = surface runoff GWr = groundwater recharge GWd = groundwater discharge E + T often "lumped" as ET ET = evapotranspiration ET is proportional to pan evaporation (or "potential" evaporation).

  2. Water Budget Parameters: Examples [Flux Units] Hudson River River Murray (SE Australia) P (mm/yr) 1100 450 Pan Evap (mm/yr) 760 >2000 Q (mm/yr) ~600 ~20 ET (mm/yr) ~500 430 (by difference) ET ~ P - Q Therefore: Pan evap can greatly exceed ET actual, especially in arid and semi-arid climates.

  3. Sequence of Discussion of Chemistry of Natural Waters Generally from low total dissolved solids to high total dissolved solids. TDS (ppm) Precipitation 1 - 10 Weathering reactions; Small streams and springs 50 - 250 Rivers 50 - 250 Fresh water lakes 50 - 250 Saline lakes * 5000 - 300,000 Estuaries * 5000 - 35,000 * too saline for human consumption

  4. Periodic Table - Short Version H He LiBe B C N OFNe NaMg Al Si P SClAr KCaSeBrKr RbSrTeIXe CsBaRn alkali alkaline "sister”halogensnoble metalsearth elementsgases metals

  5. Bond Energies (kcal/mole) Bond Bond Energy (single) O - H 111 H - H 104 C - C 83 Si - O 88 C - H 99 Cl - H 103

  6. Electronegativity Scale: L. Pauling 2.1 (H) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 (O) 4.0 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 0.8 1.0 2.4 2.8 0.8 1.0 2.1 2.5 0.7 0.9

  7. Sister Planet Atmospheres Venus Earth Mars Temp 700K 300K 230K (surface) Pressure 75 1 0.01 (Atmosphere) CO2 - Atm 70,000 <1 70 * (g/cm2) - Crust ? 70,000 ? N2 - Atm (g/cm2) - Crust <3000 800 <1 ? ~2000 ? H20 - Atm (g/cm2) - Oceans 100 1 ~0.01 0 300,000 ? O2 - Atm (g/cm2) - Crust <10 200 ~0.01 ? 8 x 106 ? * Includes 50 g/cm2 as solid CO2 over the polar caps.

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