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Scientifically Proven

Scientifically Proven. It is a well known scientific fact …. DAS is GOOD for you!. It is a well known SCIENTIFICAL fact. Scientific Method. Evidence gathered objectively. Conclusions drawn from evidence. Hypotheses developed. Experiments designed to test hypotheses. Hypotheses modified.

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Scientifically Proven

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  1. Scientifically Proven It is a well known scientific fact … DAS is GOOD for you! It is a well known SCIENTIFICAL fact

  2. Scientific Method Evidence gathered objectively. Conclusions drawn from evidence. Hypotheses developed. Experiments designed to test hypotheses. Hypotheses modified. Laws are developed and tested. Theories develop.

  3. LECTURE 2 If Science is not a method just what is it?

  4. Scientific Process Knowledge can only claim to be scientific if it can be supported by evidence from observation and/or experiment together with sound theoretical reasoning. Scientific process relies on systematic verification.

  5. Most scientists prefer DOING science rather than wondering about HOW science is DONE. • But to be a good scientist, we need to know how to think in a certain way … we need to know how science is done.

  6. Understanding our World

  7. Greek “Science” – Aristotle • material, formal, efficient and final causes; • things had to have a purpose or meaning; • this purpose or meaning was determined by divine thinking.

  8. RenaissanceStarting to Question observations.Development of instruments

  9. The Rise of Modern Science Francis Bacon: “idols” stand in the way of knowledge • accept evidence that confirmsour beliefs; • distortion from habitual thinking; • muddles from careless use of language; • blindly accept authority of some groups. • Seek evidence to confirm expectations as well as reveal contrary conditions – precursor to Karl Popper in 20th C.

  10. Philosophy of Science • Constructed on two basic conditions: • We can objectively collect data or evidence. • Rely on peer review to ensure integrity of research.

  11. Scientific Method: instruments vs perception.logical induction from data. AGE OF REASON

  12. Scientific Method Evidence gathered objectively. Conclusions drawn from evidence. Hypotheses developed. Experiments designed to test hypotheses. Hypotheses modified. Laws are developed and tested. Theories develop.

  13. Scientific LAWS HYPOTHESES FACTS Scientific THEORIES DATA POSTULATES

  14. Formal structure for systematic explanation Designed to explain laws in a logical and rational manner. theory can be either postulates axioms Statement considered true. Describes interaction of laws as determined by logic theory. Statement considered true. Describes interaction of laws based on ASSUMPTIONS. Formulated by generalizing observed relationships. laws Based on data facts

  15. Scientific Laws O unifying relationship between a small selection of facts. O describes patterns in facts.

  16. Scientific Laws Scientific Laws O there may be no theoretical relationship of why a law exists. O can be tested through experimentation.

  17. Axioms Postulates and O Characterize a theory. O Axioms are self-evident truth. O Postulates are self evident truths, given assumptions.

  18. Axioms and Postulates Axioms and Postulates O Axioms can be wrong – paradigm shift. O The axiom becomes a postulate – i.e. correct under certain conditions. O Postulates are modified by research into areas encompassed by the assumptions.

  19. Scientific Theories o Occur when laws, through axioms and postulates, are able to satisfy curiosity by uncovering an orderliness in the behaviour of things or events. o Have greater scope than laws. Explain a variety of laws as well as predict others not yet formulated.

  20. THEORY Researcher’s Perception Reality Data Evidence LAWS

  21. Scientific Theories Scientific Theories o Conceived by human imagination. o Based on philosophical and aesthetic judgments as well as axioms and postulates.

  22. Sets of Laws and Theories are known as PARADIGMS. Stability and instability in scientific thinking.

  23. Paradigms are not justified rationally. are not open to direct falsification. form the structure in which evidence is evaluated. adapt evidence to suit themselves.

  24. Laws and then theories are modified. Emergence of alternative paradigms. Results in a PARADIGM-SHIFT.

  25. HOW DO WE KNOW THAT LAWS, PARADIGMS AND THEORIES ARE CORRECT? FALSIFICATION THEORY

  26. HOW DO WE KNOW THAT LAWS, PARADIGMS AND THEORIES ARE CORRECT? Predictions Hypotheses What we know influences what we expect to find QUESTION DATA (measurement or conceptual) LAWS and THEORY May confirm our theory or lead us to change it

  27. What about hypotheses? O There is much confusion about the definition of a hypothesis. O Discipline specific. O What does history and the philosophy of science say?

  28. What about hypotheses? What about hypotheses? O First used by Socrates. O Period of Scientific Bankruptcy. O Zeno of Elea. O Rationalist Parmenides of Elea. O Lack of critical method.

  29. What about hypotheses? What about hypotheses? Statement about a concept designed to test logoi Consider consequences of statement hypothesis prediction Provisional acceptance Consequence confirmed Statements made about facts Logoi Obtained from the senses facts

  30. Formal structure for systematic explanation Designed to explain laws in a logical and rational manner. theory can be either postulates axioms Statement considered true. Describes interaction of laws as determined by logic theory. Statement considered true. Describes interaction of laws based on ASSUMPTIONS. Formulated by generalizing observed relationships. laws Based on data facts

  31. theory postulates hypothesis laws predictions facts data

  32. Hypothesis O One or more statements constructed to give a logical test of a postulate. O The consequence of the hypothesis is known as a PREDICTION and is the concept under test.

  33. Predictions O Single, definable, measurable outcome or consequence of a hypothesis. O We test the validity of PREDICTIONS: TRUE – provisional non-rejectance of hypothesis and therefore postulate. FALSE – we reject the hypothesis and the postulate.

  34. Hypotheses in Statistics O In the scientific framework, hypotheses support postulates that are used to develop theories. O Within a hypothesis, there are usually many possible predictions. O These predictions are set up as single entities within a REJECT / DO NOT REJECT framework for testing.

  35. Hypotheses in Statistics Hypotheses in Statistics When tested using statistics (should we reject or not reject an outcome), these predictions are called hypotheses. AND HERE LIES THE CONFUSION Statistical hypotheses are really predictions.

  36. Therefore we need a huge imaginative leap to get outside the paradigm operating when we do our research  

  37. Blind commitment to a theory is not an intellectual virtue: it is an intellectual crime

  38. Data Analysis in Science Tools to decide if the existing information is adequate or if we need more. Tools to draw conclusions from the evidence (data) and assess errors in these. Reveal the secrets in our data.

  39. NEW WAVE THINKING Trust your data Reveal secrets in data Create images of patterns in your data

  40. Take Home Message Science is a philosophy based on peer review and objectivity. Cannot prove anything beyond all doubt – Falsification Theory Process of science from data to knowledge via laws to theories.

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