1 / 42

Thinking Scientifically

Thinking Scientifically. 1. Make observations using your 5 senses –. 2. Express any literal findings No metaphor or flowery language Be specific, accurate. 3. Generate Inferences Using prior knowledge and experience to determine a possible explanation. 4. Make real world connections

chester-fulton
Download Presentation

Thinking Scientifically

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Thinking Scientifically • 1. Make observations using your 5 senses –

  2. 2. Express any literal findings • No metaphor or flowery language • Be specific, accurate

  3. 3. Generate Inferences • Using prior knowledge and experience to determine a possible explanation

  4. 4. Make real world connections What are the applications of my inference to other real world events?

  5. 5. Write a conclusion based on factual evidence

  6. What is the Scientific Method? Series of steps that help guide scientific study • Must be repeatable (recipe) • Validates conclusions

  7. 1) Make an Observation in nature

  8. 2) Identify the problem/ask a question

  9. 3) Conduct Research

  10. 4) Formulate a Hypothesis

  11. 5) Experiment

  12. 6) Collect/Analyze Data

  13. 7) Draw a Conclusion

  14. 8) Present your findings

  15. Fact From Fiction • Scientist classify ideas based upon their ability to PROVE their ideas using mountains of evidence and repeatable experiments • Scientific Law – description of what scientists find happening in nature repeatedly and in the same way without exception • Scientific Theory – a well-tested and widely accepted hypothesis

  16. Scientific Method Keys Terms • Data – any set of information • Control – part of an experiment that does not change (used for comparison) • Variable – part of an experiment that is different

  17. Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth Science OCEANOGRAPHY GEOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ASTRONOMY METEOROLOGY

  18. What is Earth Science? • The name for the group of sciences that study the Earth and its neighbors in space.

  19. Geology • Physical Geology – studies the processes that shape our planet • Historical Geology – attempts to understand the Earth’s long history (timeline)

  20. Oceanography • Studies the composition and movement of seawater, as well as, coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life.

  21. Meteorology • Studies the composition of the atmosphere, local and global weather, and the combined effects of the Earth’s rotation and energy from the sun.

  22. Astronomy • Study of the Universe and the Earth’s place in space.

  23. BIG BANG THEORY FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE!

  24. Formation of the Universe • The Big Bang theory suggests that… • a highly condensed single point of energy exploded 13-15 billion years ago •  protons, neutrons, and electrons •  hydrogen •  hydrogen formed stars •  early universe formed

  25. Evidence for the Big Bang Theory • 1) Everything in the universe is moving away from everything else… the farther away the object the faster it is moving away. Also known as Red Shift. • 2) Residual heat (1-2 degrees above absolute zero) • 3) Cosmic Background Radiation (static)

  26. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

  27. Formation of the Earth • NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS– the solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust (nebula)

  28. Nebular Theory Continued • 1) A nearby Giant star explodes in a supernova 5 -7 billion years ago • 2) The material from this explosion formed a giant cloud of gas and dust – SOLAR NEBULA

  29. Nebular Theory Continued • 3) The cloud begins to spin due to a gravitational forces • 4) Materials accrete (come together) at the center as the cloud flattens out

  30. Nebular Theory Continued • 5) Increased gravity and heat at the center causes immense amounts of material to accrete (come together) at the center (99% of all) – Fusion begins forming our sun

  31. Nebular Theory Continued • 6) Meanwhile, due to friction, hundreds of larger chunks are forming in the outer portions of the flattened cloud – Planetismals

  32. Nebular Theory Continued • 7) The larger chunks grow faster than the smaller chunks due to higher gravitational force • 8) Only the biggest 50 - 100 or so capture all of the other chunks – Protoplanets

  33. 9) The biggest ones have enough gravitational pull to capture the lightest gases such as hydrogen and helium, they are also far enough away from the center (cold enough) to capture icy materials such as ammonia and methane – they become the Outer Planets or Gas Giants (After the Sun began fusion, solar wind pushed particles outward to the outer planets causing additional growth)

  34. 10) The smaller, closer ones are not large enough and are too hot to capture many gases. They are called the Inner Planets or Terrestrial Planets

  35. Nebular Theory Continued • 11) Collisions continue on a massive scale… • A mars-sized object collides with the Earth forming our moon 12) Many of the moons of the outer planets were captured by the planet’s gravitational pull

  36. Nebular Theory • 1) Supernova creates giant cloud • 2) Giant Cloud (Nebula) begins to spin • 3) Nebula rotates, flattens, accretion in center (protostar) • 4) 100s of planetismals grow in the outer portion of the disk-like cloud • 5) Fusion begins – Sun is born • 6) 50-100 Proto-planets grow • 7) Massive collisions happen - # of proto-planets decrease • 8) Inner planets remain small and rocky (due to heat) • Outer planet grow huge and gaseous (due to size and cold) • 9) moons are captured or created by explosions

  37. Structure of the Earth • Crust – silicon and oxygen (least dense) • Mantle – silicon, oxygen, and magnesium 2,885 km thick, the mantle is 82% of Earth’s volume. • Outer Core – liquid iron and nickel 2,255 km thick Density – 10-12 g/cm3 • Inner Core – solid iron and nickel (most dense) Radius of 1,220 km. Density – 13 g/cm3

  38. Types of Crust Continental crust – Underlies the continents. –Avg. rock density about 2.7 g/cm3. –Avg. thickness 35-40 km. –Felsic composition (light color) - Avg. rock type = Granite Oceanic crust – Underlies the ocean basins. –Density about 3.0 g/cm3. –Avg. thickness 7-10 km. –Mafic composition (dark color) - Avg. rock type = Basalt/Gabbro

  39. Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans • While the Earth was cooling, gasses escaped from the interior (think volcanic eruptions) which became the Atmosphere and eventually rained down to become the oceans • Source of Heat – radioactive materials, collisions of asteroids/comets

  40. Shape of the Earth Oblate Spheroid - • Not a perfect sphere • Flatter at the poles, bulges at the equator • An object weighs more at the poles (15N) than it does at the equator (14N) • The farther an object is from the center of gravity, the less it weighs

  41. Copy down these Earth Facts: • Radius – avg. about 8,000 miles • Circumference • equator is 24,901.55 miles • poles is 24,859.82 miles • Mass – 5,973,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg • Density – 5.5 g/cm3 • Period of rotation-23 hours 56 min • Equatorial rotation velocity 1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s) • Axial tilt 23.5° • Period of Revolution – 365 days 6 hrs 9 min • Average orbital speed 107,200 km/s

More Related